Speech Science Exam 1

Front 1

What is the "Power Source"?

Back 1

The power source is represented by the lugs because we speak o exhallation

The lungs drive the rest of the speech mechanism

Front 2

What is the "Sound Generator" or "Sound Source"?

Back 2

The sound generator/sound source is comprised of the larynx which houses the vocal folds

The larynx is not the only sound source. We do need it for voice but it's not the only one. We also make sound from our articulators.

Front 3

What are the Resonators and Articulators?

Back 3

The resonators are known as filters. Sound from the vocal folds is filtered through the vocal tract.

The articulators are known as valves.

Front 4

What is the vocal tract?

Back 4

Everything located above the larynx.

It is a closed system with the mouth and the nose as outlets.

Front 5

Plosive

Back 5

1. There is a stoppage somewhere in the vocal tract with a flow of air.
2. The pressure builds up (aka the stop)
3. An explosion occurs as the pressure is released

Front 6

What phonemes are plosives?

Back 6

/t/ /d/ /b/ /p/ /k/ /g/

Front 7

What is the definition of pressure?

Back 7

Force exerted per unit area of resistance

Front 8

What happens to pressure when it is associated with plosives?

Back 8

1. We're exhaling air from the lungs up through the system
2. The air meets resistance
3. As long as we continue to apply force, the pressure will increase
4. The pressure is released, making an explosion

Front 9

What is the definition of a sound wave?

Back 9

Pressure variations in the air.

They are very small changes in pressure.

Front 10

Fricative

Back 10

A continuous sound (like vowels)

1. Make a small aperture (opening)
2. Pressure is build up (the pressure is internal)
3. This causes the sound when it goes through the hole to make a hissing noise

Front 11

What do fricatives require a lot of?

Back 11

Intraoral Pressure

Front 12

What are examples of fricatives?

Back 12

/s/ /sh/ /f/ /v/ /th/ (voiced and voiceless)

Front 13

What is an affricate?

Back 13

First there is a plosive that is turned into a fricative

Front 14

What are examples of affricates?

Back 14

/dz/ /ts/

Front 15

What are glides and semivowels?

Back 15

Consonants that sound like vowels. Each has a sub-name.

Front 16

Examples of semivowels?

Back 16

/w/ /j/

Front 17

Examples of lateral?

Back 17

Lateral /l/

Front 18

Example of retroflex?

Back 18

Retroflex /r/

Front 19

What are examples of nasals?

Back 19

/m/ /n/ /ng/

Front 20

What is the order for place of production?

Back 20

Bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal

Front 21

How are vowels classified?

Back 21

Classified as either a high, mid, or low vowel.
Classified as either a front or back vowel.

Front 22

What is classification based on?

Back 22

Vowel classification is based on tongue position in the oral cavity and the amount of lip rounding.

Front 23

What are high vowels?

Back 23

High vowels are tense vowels.

Front 24

What are low vowels?

Back 24

Low vowels are lax vowels.

Front 25

What are front vowels?

Back 25

Front vowels are not rounded.

Front 26

What are back vowels?

Back 26

Back vowels are rounded.

Front 27

What does voicing involve?

Back 27

Voicing involves the sound generator (larynx), therefore we have to first understand something about sound.

Front 28

Definition of sound?

Back 28

Vibration

Front 29

Definition of vibration?

Back 29

Oscillatory behavior

Front 30

Final definition of sound?

Back 30

Sound is a vibration that creates alternating waves of compression and rarefaction that travel through the medium and are perceived by a listener.

Front 31

Two types of vibration?

Back 31

1. Periodic Vibration
2. Aperiodic Vibration

Front 32

Definition of periodic vibration?

Back 32

Vibration that is regular, predictable, and respectable. It produces a music-like tone that describes a pitch.

Front 33

Definition of pitch?

Back 33

The ear's perception of the frequency of a sound

Front 34

Definition of pure tone?

Back 34

Has only one frequency of vibration

Front 35

Definition of a complex tone?

Back 35

Has more than one frequency of vibration. It's a perception of the fundamental frequency.

Front 36

Definition of aperiodic vibration?

Back 36

Vibration that is not periodic; A vibration that is random, chaotic, not predictable, or not regular.

Front 37

Definition of noise?

Back 37

Aperiodic vibration

Front 38

Definition of white noise?

Back 38

Vibration that contains all frequencies and sound waves in the universe at the same intensity.

Said to be "perfectly aperiodic"

Front 39

Definition of inertia?

Back 39

A body at rest stays at rest and a body in motion remains in motion unless acted upon by an outside force.

Front 40

Definition of elasticity?

Back 40

Force that an object exerts in order to restore itself to rest when displaced

Front 41

What does Hooke's Law state?

Back 41

The amount of elastic force is directly proportional to the amount of displacement.

Front 42

What is the rate at which sound travels?

Back 42

1100 ft/s or 335.28 m/s

Front 43

What are the two forms of vibration?

Back 43

1. Free Vibration
2. Maintained Vibration

Front 44

Definition of free vibration?

Back 44

You apply the energy source to the vibrating subject or mass only once

Front 45

What happens during free vibration?

Back 45

1. You apply the energy source to the vibrating subject or mass only once
2. It will be displaced from rest in the direction that you hit it
3. As soon as you displace the force, elasticity goes against the momentum, causing the object to stop
4. Air offers resistance, causing friction, causing the object to stop
5. The object starts to go back the other way

Front 46

Definition of maintained vibration?

Back 46

One keeps applying the force in order to keep the vibration going

Front 47

What does simple harmonic motion do?

Back 47

Produces pure tone movement or motion

Front 48

Definition of a sine wave?

Back 48

Uniform circular motion projected onto a plane that is perpindicular to the source

Front 49

Definition of frequency?

Back 49

The number of cycles in one second

Measured in Hertz

Front 50

Definition of Amplitude?

Back 50

The amount of displacement or excursion; the amount of distance traveled

Front 51

Definition of sound?

Back 51

Creates alternating waves of compression and rarefaction which travel through the medium and are perceived by a listener

Front 52

What is frequency?

Back 52

The number of cycles in one second (measured in Hertz)

1/Period

Front 53

Definition of a period?

Back 53

Amount of time it takes for one cycle to occur.

1/Frequency (Measured in seconds)

Front 54

What is wavelength?

Back 54

How long in the medium is one cycle.

Velocity/Frequency (Measured if feet)

Front 55

Definition of intensity?

Back 55

Amount of sound pressure in the medium generated by the sound wave.

Front 56

Definition of power?

Back 56

Power=Transducer-It's any device that changes energy in one form to energy in another form.

Front 57

Faintest SPL a human ear can detect?

Back 57

0.0002 dynes/cm 2

Front 58

Maximum amount?

Back 58

2,000 d/cm 2 (or 100 dB)

Front 59

What's the threshold of pain in humans?

Back 59

130 dB

Front 60

Definition of a logarithm?

Back 60

An exponent.