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200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Speech Systems |
Respiratory, Phonatory, Articulatory/resonatory
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How is sound produced? What's needed? |
Vibrating (propagation of ) air molecules in air (molecular environment) |
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How do air molecules that are propagated/vibrated move? |
Local air molecules bump into the molecules next to them, which creates a wave of movement which will eventually move across a distance. |
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Waveform |
Type of graph; Displacement or amplitude VS. time. shows sine waves |
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Compression |
When air molecules move together and are tightly packed |
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Rarefaction |
When air molecules move away from each other; they're rarefied or sparse |
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Wave segments |
Compression and rarefaction |
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Characteristics of a Wave |
Amplitude, Time, Frequency, Wavelength, Periodicity, Phase (we won't focus on this) |
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Amplitude |
Amount of increase or decrease in the displacement of the sound wave (air molecule). I.e., peak to peak sine wave of 10 units (-5 to 5). |
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Larger amplitude means more _____________ of air molecules |
Displacement |
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Amplitude is distinguished from loudness in that amplitude is __________________________ |
Objective/physical |
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Loudness is distinguished from amplitude in that loudness is ___________________________ |
Perception/subjective |
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Period |
Amount of time required to complete one cycle of vibration (sine wave) |
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T or F ? : It's doesn't matter where you start the measurement of a period along the sine wave, as long as you're consistent in where you start/end along the wave |
True |
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Frequency |
The rate of vibration; # of cycles/second |
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Frequency in relation to pitch |
Objective measure; physical |
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Pitch in relation to frequency |
Subjective; perceptual |
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Cycles per second |
Measure of frequency; Hertz (Hz) |
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___________ and ______________ are reciprocals of each other. |
Period; frequency |
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f = 1 / t; f =? if t = 0.01 seconds (10 ms) |
f = 1 / t; 1 / 0.01 s; f = 100 Hz |
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t = 1 / f; t = ?, if f= 50Hz |
t = 1 / f; = 1 / 50 ; t = 0.02 seconds or 20 ms |
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Wavelength |
Distance measure of a wave, form one point to the next corresponding point. Lambda λ |
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The x-axis of a wavelength is ________________. |
Distance (meters) |
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Longer wavelengths are _____________ in frequency while shorter wavelengths are ______________ in frequency. |
Lower; higher |
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Low frequencies have _____________ wavelengths. |
Long |
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High frequencies have _______________ wavelengths. |
Short |
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Periodicity |
Every cycle of vibration is exactly like the next cycle. Repeats the pattern |
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Periodic signals have a ____________ quality. |
Tonal (you can pick out a tone) |
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Sine waves are _________________ (periodic/aperiodic). |
Periodic. They repeat a pattern over time. |
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Speech is _____________________ (periodic/aperiodic). |
For the most part, aperiodic (think "sh" or "s") |
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Phase |
Refers to the relationship in time between 2 tones of the same frequency. Helps to localize sound; difference in phase as sound hits each ear. |
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The axes of a waveform are ___________ (y) and ___________ (x). |
Amplitude; time |
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The simplest wave |
Single frequency; pure tone; sine wave |
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Complex wave |
More than one frequency; 2 or more harmonics. The shape of the wave is the summation of the multiple frequencies (sum of component parts). |
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Fundamental Frequency |
f0 ; the lowest component of a frequency. |
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Harmonics |
The whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency. High than the f0 |
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If f0= 100 Hz, what's H2? |
H2 = 200 Hz |
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T or F: There is no 1st harmonic. |
True. f0, 2H, 3H, 4H...9H...20H, etc. |
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Every harmonic resonates at a slightly ________ amplitude. |
Lesser |
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_____________ are technically infinite, but at some point they become so quiet, you can't hear them any longer. |
Harmonics |
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Average frequency of the female vocal folds |
250 Hz |
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If f0 = 250Hz, what is H2 = ? |
500Hz |
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If f0 = 250 Hz, what is H 5 = ? |
1250 Hz |
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If f0 = 300 Hz, what is H3 =? |
900 Hz |
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Fundamental frequency is the ______________ (fastest/slowest) mode of vibration. |
Slowest |
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What affects how the components of a sine wave are added together to form a complex wave? |
Amplitude, frequency, and phase |
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How to create a complex wave |
Take the amplitude of 2 waves at one point in time and add the 2 values. This yields the value (Hz) of the composite waveform (complex waveform) at that time point. Consider positive and negative values |
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Fourier Analysis |
The study of the way general functions may be represented or approximated by sums of simpler trigonometric functions. Allows us to break down complex waves into their components (f0 and harmonics). |
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Spectrum |
Graph of Fourier analysis; shows frequencies involved in wave; determines harmonics then plots them; Amplitude vs. Frequency |
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In a spectrum, the y-axis is _________________ and x-axis is _________________. |
Amplitude; frequency |
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The difference between harmonics will equal the _________________________. |
Fundamental frequency, f0 |
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Waveform |
y= amplitude, x= time |
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Spectrum |
y= amplitude, x=frequency |
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How is time related to a spectrum graph? |
A spectrum is a snapshot of one point in time which is why it does not comprise the x-axis. |
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Resonance |
Property of an object to vibrate at a specific frequency |
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At _____________ frequency, a system vibrates with maximum amplitude. |
Resonance |
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Resonators do not ____________ sound energy, but ___________ to energy that is delivered to them. |
Generate; respond |
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What types of wavelengths fit exactly into a tube (vocal tract) to make it resonate? |
Odd-quarter: 1/4 or 3/4 or 7/4 |
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T or F: 1 whole wavelength (4/4) fits in the vocal tract tube. |
False; this is an even-quarter wavelength |
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What happens if an even-quartered wavelength goes through the vocal tract? |
It will be dampened because it doesn't fit exactly in the tube. |
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What type of wavelength will be amplified in the vocal tract tube? |
Odd-quarter wavelengths (3/4, 15/4, 23/4) |
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The tube's resonating frequency is directly related to ________________ and ______________. |
Tube's length; location of constriction |
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Length of a tube is a characteristic of the ___________ of the vocal tract. |
Filter |
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The location of constriction in a tube is a characteristic of the _________________ of the vocal tract. |
Filter |
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Fn = (2n-1) c / 4L;
What does this equation demonstrate? |
The odd-quarter wavelength relationship |
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Fn = (2n-1) c / 4L;
Explain this equation. |
Allows us to calculate the infinite number of resonances at specific frequencies. The tract/tube resonates with maximal amplitude. 2n-1 ensures an odd number; c is the speed of sound; divided by 4 X the length of the tube. |
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Changing the _____________ of the vocal tract/tube changes the resonance frequencies. |
Length |
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If length of the vocal tract is _____________, the frequencies are lower. |
Longer |
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If the length of the vocal tract is ____________, the frequencies are higher. |
Shorter |
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The vocal folds are the __________ of sound. |
Source |
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The _______________________ generate the fundamental frequency and harmonics. |
Vocal folds |
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The amplitude of harmonics _______________ at higher frequencies. |
Diminishes |
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The vocal tract is the ________________. |
Filter |
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The filter changes ___________ and length for different resonating frequencies. |
Shape |
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source, fundamental, harmonics
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Vocal folds are the ________ of sound that generates the _____________ frequency and __________.
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length, tension, mass
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Characteristics of the source depend on the _______, __________, and ________ of the vocal folds.
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amplitude
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The _____________ of harmonics diminishes at higher frequencies when coming from the source (and no filter is involved). |
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filter, resonance, length, location of constriction
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The supralaryngeal vocal tract is the ________ which produces __________ characteristics that are dependent on the __________ and ___________________ of the vocal tract. |
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Formants |
________ are resonating frequencies of the vocal tract. |
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loudness (amplitude), pitch (frequency), quality (timbre)
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Changes in source characteristics are perceived as variation in ________, _________, and/or _________. |
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sound (vowel, consonant) |
Changes in filter characteristics are perceived as a different ___________. |
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T (due to varying length of vocal tract)
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T/F? : Different people produce different formants for the same vowel. |
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formant
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Each vowel has it's own set of __________ frequencies. |
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lips |
Vowel perception depends on formant characteristics of the ________. |
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source
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Damage to the recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X causes a problem with the ________. |
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aperiodic, location of constriction
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Voiceless fricatives such as /s/ and /ʃ/ produce ____________ waves, which is related to the filter characteristic of ______________ changing. |
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Spectrograms, source, filter |
_______________ display acoustic energy that allows us to examine _________ or __________ characteristics in more detail. |
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300, 150, filter
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Broadband spectrograms have a bandwidth of ________ Hz. Therefore the drawing range will be +/- ________ Hz of the center frequency. This type of spectrogram is best for looking at _________ characteristics. |
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45, 22.5, source |
Narrowband spectrograms have a bandwidth of ________ Hz. Therefore the drawing range will be +/- ________ Hz of the center frequency. This type of spectrogram is best for looking at _________ characteristics. |
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higher |
When viewing a spectrogram, increased space between harmonics is indicative of a ____________ Fundamental frequency. |
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vertical striations, higher |
Good time resolution is demonstrated by _______ _________ in a broadband spectrogram, each representing a cycle of VF vibration. When the space between these decreases over time, it is indicative of production of a __________ F0 across time. |
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spectrum, spectrogram |
A _______ represents a specific point in time, while a ___________ represents frequency & amplitude across time. |
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harmonics |
Narrow band spectrograms depict ______ (a source characteristic) more precisely than wideband.
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time, formants |
Broadband spectograms depict better _______ resolution allowing the _________ (a filter characteristic) to be more clearly visible.
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steady state
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When formant frequency stays constant (supralaryngeal vocal tract remains unchanged), this is referred to as a ________ ________. |
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transitions
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Movement between vocal tract positions results in formant ____________. |
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F1
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Moving the tongue high to low results in changes to which formant? |
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/i/ |
Which vowel is characterized by a low F1 & high F2?
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collapsed |
If a patient's speech is less intelligible & precise, he may have a ___________ vowel quadrilateral. |
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Coarticulation |
The concept in which speech sounds are influenced by surrounding speech sounds |
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dysarthria |
If your vowel quadrilateral is collapsed due to inability to move your articulators into the correct position, it could indicate _____________. |
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F1
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If you move your tongue higher in the vocal tract, formant _______ will become lower. |
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transitions |
Diphthongs are characterized by __________. |
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less, constricted |
In general, consonants are ____ intense than vowels because the vocal tract is more ____________. |
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aperiodic, VF vibration, aperiodic |
For /s/, the source is ______________ acoustic energy. For /z/ the source is __________ and __________ acoustic energy. |
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Stop gap |
The point of complete constriction of the supralaryngeal vocal tract. |
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Each vowel has its own set of ____________ _______________. |
formant freuqencies |
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Source and filter are ___________________ of each other. |
Independent |
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/i/ --> /u/ is what kind of change? |
Filter |
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The resulting turbulence produced by air being forced through a constriction in the vocal tract. |
Aperiodic noise or frication |
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Changes in location of constriction changes the ________________________ (source or filter?). |
Filter |
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______ and ________ are generted by how fast vocal folds are vibrating. |
f0, harmonics |
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Formants |
Resonating frequencies of the vocal tract |
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Formants are based on __________ and __________________________________. |
Length; location of constriction |
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The ________ shapes what the ________ puts through it. |
filter; source |
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There's no sounds between ______________, though interharmonic noise may occur. |
harmonics |
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An increase or decrease in pitch is a change in ______________. |
Source; change in rate of vocal folds |
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Increase or decrease in amplitude is a change in _____________. |
Source |
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Spectrogram dimensions |
Frequency (y axis) by time (x axis) with amplitude in gray scale |
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In a spectrogram amplitude gray scale, _________ indicates an absence of sound (no energy). |
White |
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In a spectrogram amplitude gray scale, __________ indicates low amplitude. |
Light gray |
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In a spectrogram amplitude gray scale, ____________ indicates high amplitude. |
Dark gray |
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Two types of spectrograms |
Broadband and narrow band |
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Spectrogram filters draw when a signal is within its _______________. |
Range |
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Detection range |
The range in which a signal is detected on a spectrogram, depending on narrow or wide filters. |
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In a wideband filter spectrogram, for a 1000Hz signal, what's the detection range? |
700 Hz to 1300Hz |
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In a wideband filter spectrogram, for a 500Hz signal, what's the detection range? |
200Hz to 800Hz |
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Wideband spectrogram filter range |
300Hz |
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Narrowband spectrogram filter range |
45Hz |
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For a 1000Hz, what's the detection range for a narrow band filter? |
955 Hz to 1045 Hz |
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Detection range of 700Hz signal on a narrow band filter? |
655 Hz to 745 Hz |
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On a spectrogram filter, the pen that draws when the filter detects a signal is in the ________ of the filter. This is the ______________ range of a signal. |
Middle; drawing |
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Drawing range for 1000 Hz signal on broadband filter? |
850 Hz to 1150 Hz |
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On a broadband filter, the pen draws at _________. |
150 (Midline of 300 Hz filter is 150) |
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On a narrow band filter, the pen draws at ___________. |
22.5 Hz (Midline fo 45 Hz filter is 22.5) |
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Drawing range for 500 Hz on narrow band filter |
477.5 Hz to 522.5 Hz |
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In a broadband filter, two frequencies must be more than _________ Hz apart in order to be seen as separate lines on a spectrogram. |
300 |
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In a narrowband filter, the two frequencies must be more than _____ Hz apart to be seen as separate on a spectrogram. |
45 |
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______ may be the lowest f0 possible for humans. |
100 Hz; most signals will be larger than 45 Hz so most signals will be seen as separate on a narrow band filter |
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Narrow band spectrograms depict ____________ frequencies more precisely than broadband filters. |
Harmonics |
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We see _______________ characteristics best using narrow band spectrograms |
source |
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Broadband spectrograms best represent the characterstics of ______________________________. |
Resonating cavities (formants) |
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When studying vowels, we're more interested in the __________________ characteristics. |
Filter (thus formants) |
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On the vowel quadrilateral, F1 indicates increase or decrease in tongue ________________. |
height |
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On the vowel quadrilateral, F2 indicates increase or decrease in tongue ______________________. |
advancement |
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If starting vowel is /a/ which transitions into /u/, which formant is changing more significantly? |
F1 |
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If starting vowel is /u/ which transitions to /i/, which formant is changing more significantly? |
F2 |
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On a spectrogram, there may be very large spaces between dark lines, it looks like there are missing harmonics. Are the vocal folds vibrating during those white areas? |
Yes. The vocal folds are vibrating; there are harmonics there, but they are dampened. |
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Looking at a spectrogram, if __________ are the same for various sounds, then the vowel is the same. |
formants |
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Why do formants remain the same for vowels of different frequencies? |
Because the filter remains unchanged. The source (vocal fold vibration) is changing. |
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When you see that the filter is changing during a sound on a spectrogram. |
Formant transition. |
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When the vocal tract is held constant, not moving. Formants remain the same. |
Steady state |
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If the tongue is low in the oral cavity, which formant will be high? |
F1 frequency |
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If the tongue is high in the oral cavity, which formant will be low? |
F1 frequency |
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If the tongue is back in the oral cavity, which formant will be low? |
F2 |
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If the tongue is front in the oral cavity, which formant will be high? |
F2 |
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Tongue height affects which formant? |
F1 |
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Tongue advancement affects which formant? |
F2 |
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The relationship between _________ and ________ allows us to distinguish between vowels. |
F1; F2 |
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We may not be able to perceive difference between vowel sounds if a person has a __________________________________. |
Collapsed or reduced vowel quadrilateral |
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__________ can affect an individual's vowel quadrilateral. |
Dialect |
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When dialect affects a person's vowel quadrilateral, which vowels are usually more affected? |
The low vowels (/ae/ and /a/)
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Typically, we don't produce formant frequencies past _____________ Hz. |
3,000 |
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Limited hearing can affect ________________ and ________________ of speech sounds. |
Perception; production |
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_________ are relatively low in frequency and are usually preserved in hearing loss. |
Vowels |
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During conversational speech, because of ______________, there may not be steady states. |
coarticulation |
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Diphthongs |
A complex vowel sound that begins with the sound of one vowel and ends with the sound of another vowel, in the same syllable. |
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During diphthongs, we can see _________________________________ on a spectrogram. |
Formant transitions |
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Cranial nerves in the midbrain |
CN III through IV |
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Cranial nerves in the pons |
CN V through VIII |
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Cranial nerves in the medulla |
CN IX through XII |
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CN I |
Olfactory |
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CN II |
Optic |
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CN III |
Occulomotor |
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CN IV |
Trochlear |
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CN V |
Trigeminal |
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CN VI |
Abducens |
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CN VII |
Facial |
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CN VIII |
Vestibulocochlear |
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CN IX |
Glossopharyngeal |
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CN X |
Vagus |
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CN XI |
Accessory |
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CN XII |
Hypoglossal |
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CN I function |
(Olfactory) Sense of smell. Sensory info |
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CN II function |
(Optic) Visual sensation; sensory info |
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CN III function |
(Occulomotor) Motor info to extrinsic eye muscles; help w/ light accommodation (pupil dilation w/ pen light) |
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CN IV Function |
(Trochlear) Motor info to eye muscles |
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CN V function |
(Trigeminal) Motor and sensory info. Sensation from face, mouth, teeth, mucosal lining, tongue. Motor info to muscles of mastication and tensor veli palatini |
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CN VI Function |
(Abducens) Motor info to eye muslces |
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CN VII Function |
(Facial) sensory and motor info; Sensory: taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue. Motor to muscles of facial expression (upper vs lower face) |
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CN VIII Function |
(Vestibulocochlear) Sensory: audition and vestibular system |
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CN IX Function |
(Glossopharyngeal) Sensory and motor info. Tast from posterior 1/3 of tongue and soft palate; sense of touch, pain, temp from back of oral cavity/upper pharynx. Motor to stylopharyngeus and superior constrictor |
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Stylopharyngeus |
Muscle of pharynx. Attached to styloid process and pharynx (between sup. and mid constrictor) Elevates walls of pharynx and broadens pharynx to aid in swallowing. |
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Superior Constrictor |
Muscle of pharynx. ~level of velum and vp port. Posterior and lateral C around pharynx. Contraction/constriction will constrict around velum, helping to close vp port (aids in swallowing) |
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CN X Function |
(Vagus) Sensory and Motor info. Pain, touch, temp from ear drum, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, bronchi, etc. Taste from epiglottis. Motor to intestines, pancreas, stomach, esophagus, trachea, kidneys, liver, heart. Motor to inferior constrictor, intrinsic laryngeal muscles, palatal muscles (except tensor veli palatini). 3 branches |
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CN X Superior branch |
Pharyngeal branch; palatal muscles |
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CN X Middle branch |
Superior laryngeal nerve; cricothyroid (pitch!) |
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CN X Inferior branch |
Recurrent laryngeal nerve; all other intrinsic laryngeal muscles (except cricothyroid). Recurs around aorta |
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CN XI Function |
(Accessory) Motor info to sternocleidomastoid; assists Vagus nerve for larynx, pharynx, and soft palate |
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CN XII Function |
(Hypoglossal) Motor to all extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles (except palatoglossus) |
