Speech Science Exam 1

Front 1

a rate of vibrations that is slower than detectable by human hearing

Back 1

subsonic or infrasonic

Front 2

a rate of vibrations that is faster than detectable by human hearing

Back 2

ultrasonic

Front 3

How does sound travel?

Back 3

when an object vibrates, it moves back and forth; this causes air molecules to vibrate and colute

Front 4

sound is transmitted in terms of

Back 4

variations in pressure

Front 5

an area of condensation

Back 5

an area where the pressure exerted by air molecules is higher than equilibrium

Front 6

an area of rarefaction

Back 6

an area where the pressure exerted by air molecules is lower than the equilibrium

Front 7

goal of air motion is to

Back 7

reach equilibrium- always in motion, always changing

Front 8

longitudinal wave motion

Back 8

molecules move in the same direction as the wave is traveling; ex. the sounds in air

Front 9

transverse wave motion

Back 9

molecules move perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling; ex. a wave along a rope

Front 10

the wave travels, while the molecules simply

Back 10

vibrate in place

Front 11

more cycles equals

Back 11

higher frequency

Front 12

sound waves propagate through the air as

Back 12

fluctuations in pressure, i.e. areas of higher pressure alternating with areas of lower pressure

-high pressure = high molecular density and vice versa

Front 13

What do we need to hear a sound?

Back 13

-source of vibration

-medium (like air) to transmit

-rate of vibration detectable by human ears

-amplitude that is detectable by human ears

Front 14

How do we hear pressure fluctuations?

Back 14

when they reach our ears, they cause the eardrum to vibrate

Front 15

Do molecules travel through the medium?

Back 15

no, they move adjacent molecules and transmit energy

Front 16

simple harmonic motion (SHM)

Back 16

-the simplest form of vibration

-back and forth motion around a point of equilibrium to a point of maximum positive and negative displacement

-the most important concept in study of sound

-all sounds can be dissected into components that exhibit SHM

Front 17

SHM and sine waves

Back 17

sine waves show SHM

-the glottal source is composed of an infinite number of sine waves

Front 18

SMH is

Back 18

periodic (it repeats after a certain time interval)

Front 19

SMH requires

Back 19

-an equilibrium (resting) position must exit

-a force must exist to bring the object back to equilibrium after it's been displaces

Front 20

forces involved in SHM

Back 20

-can be gravity and inertia (swing), elasticity and inertia (air molecules)

Front 21

cycle

Back 21

one complete back and forth pattern

Front 22

period

Back 22

the time required to complete one cycle (T)

Front 23

frequency

Back 23

the number of cycles completed in one second (f), usually in Hz

Front 24

relationship between frequency (f) and period (T)

Back 24

-a high-frequency sound has many cycles per second, so the period is short

-a low-frequency sound has fewer cycles per second, so the period is longer

-higher frequency = shorter period

Front 25

describing sine waves

Back 25

can be described by:

-amplitude and frequency (time)

Front 26

amplitude vertical axis

Back 26

amplitude goes from positive numbers to negative numbers- this reflects the alternating areas of high and low pressure

Front 27

if two sine waves have the same frequency, we can compare their

Back 27

phase; in phase if pressure waves reach their positive maximum and negative maximum at the same time

Front 28

adding sine waves together

Back 28

when two sine waves of the same frequency combine, the result is always another sine wave of the same frequency

-amplitude of the resulting wave depends on the amplitude and relative phase of the original waves

-get a complex waveform

Front 29

complex waveform

Back 29

complex because they do not exhibit simple harmonic motion- pattern of vibration not sinusoidal

-any sound wave that does not exhibit SHM is complex

Front 30

the smaller the resonating chamber

Back 30

the higher the resonating frequency (pitch)

Front 31

peaks of resonance known as

Back 31

formants- F1, F2, etc.

Front 32

fundamental frequency- child

Back 32

250-400 Hz

Front 33

fundamental frequency- adult female

Back 33

~200 Hz

Front 34

fundamental frequency- adult male (larynx longer than female)

Back 34

~125 Hz

Front 35

how to get fundamental frequency

Back 35

dividing 1 kHz by the number of lines before it

Front 36

speech output calculation

Back 36

sound source at vocal folds (multiples of F0) + resonance filter = speech outputs (formant frequencies F0, F1, F2, etc.)

Front 37

formant calculation

Back 37

harmonics (the vertical lines) + vocal tract = formants

Front 38

for each line, you

Back 38

drop 12 dB

Front 39

harmonics are

Back 39

-the fundamental frequency (F0) and whole number multiples of it

-products of the vocal folds

-emphasized or dampened into peaks and valleys

-can be filtered by the SLVT, creating formants

Front 40

formant frequencies are

Back 40

-the most important frequency characteristics of speech

-the acoustic properties that distinguish the various vowels

-no predictable relationship with fundamental frequency or harmonics (except schwa)

Front 41

the size and shape of the supralaryngeal vocal tract help to determine

Back 41

the frequency of a vowal (F1- size and shape of space behind the tongue, or the pharyngeal cavity; F2- oral cavity)

Front 42

formant frequencies as tongue moves forward and backward/oral cavity size

Back 42

-tongue moves forward, oral cavity becomes larger- F2 becomes lower

-tongue moves back, pharyngeal cavity becomes smaller, F1 becomes higher

-lip protruding lowers frequency for both

Front 43

schwa frequency

Back 43

speed of sound/4 x length of tube = F (Hz)

Front 44

voice onset time

Back 44

the time between the release of a consonant and the start of phonation (vocal fold vibration)

Front 45

longer/shorter VOT values are associated with

Back 45

voiceless stops/voiced stops (in English)

Front 46

methods of acoustic measurements

Back 46

1. wave form (displacement x time)

2. spectrogram (frequency x time)

3. spectrum (amplitude x frequency)

Front 47

waveform

Back 47

a visual representation of speech displaying amplitude by time

Front 48

fast Fourier transform provides

Back 48

-the frequencies present in a complex wave

-the amplitude of each sinusoid

Front 49

inhalation/exhalation ratios

Back 49

40/60 for breathing, 10/90 for speech

Front 50

power, sound, filter

Back 50

lungs, vocal folds, SLVT

Front 51

inspiratory reserve volume

Back 51

amount that can be inhaled after tidal inspiration

Front 52

expiratory reserve volume

Back 52

amount that can be exhaled after tidal exspiration

Front 53

vital capacity

Back 53

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

Front 54

functional residual capacity

Back 54

volume remaining after a passive exhalation

Front 55

inspiratory capacity

Back 55

maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration