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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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1/3 |
.33 |
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1/5 |
.2 |
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1/6 |
.166 |
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1/7 |
.14 |
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1/8 |
.125 |
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1/9 |
.11 |
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2/3 |
.66 |
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R |
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Giga |
10^9 |
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Mega |
10^6 |
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Kilo |
10^3 |
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Centi |
10^-2 |
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Mili |
10^-3 |
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Convert Kg to g |
.001 |
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Speed of sound formula |
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Acceleration formula |
A=🔺C/t
🔺C =C2-C1 answer usually in m/s |
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Frequency time formula |
F=1/t |
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Mass Reactance formula |
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Log of 1 |
0 |
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Log of 2 |
.3 |
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Log of 3 |
.48 |
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Log of 7 |
.85 |
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Angular velocity |
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Force formula |
F=ma |
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Frequency formula |
F=1/t |
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Hooks law |
F=-kx |
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Mass Reactance formula |
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Momentum |
M=m•c |
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Pressure equation |
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Rectifier average full wave |
A signifies amplitude Peak |
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Rectifier average half wave |
🐮 |
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Speed formula |
S=d/t |
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Speed of sound formula |
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Wavelength formula |
The speed of sound divided by frequency |
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Hecto |
10^3 |
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Deci |
10^-1 |
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Micro |
10^-6 |
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Nano |
10^-9 |
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Work formula |
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Pendulum formula |
It's f not t |
Assume it's the natural frequency |
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Radius mean formula |
Look this up |
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Amplitude Root mean Square |
.7(A peak) - A is amplitude Peak |
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Speed formula |
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Newton's to dynes |
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Pascals to dynes & newtons |
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3 |
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Antilog trick |
C sdh |
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10^.5 |
3 |
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Elasticity (property of matter) |
Ratio of stress to strain |
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Youngs model |
Long skinny objects |
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Bulk modulus |
More bulky shapeless objects |
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The speed of sound depends on |
Elasticity of medium and density of medium |
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Transverse wave |
Medium is going up and down but the wave is traveling perpendicular |
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Longitudinal wave |
Medium is moving along the way if all the molecules are vibrating along the sphere |
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compression |
What all the atoms are pressed together |
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Refraction |
Where all the atoms are not compressed |
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Phase |
At t=0 where is the wave? How much of it is out of phase Standard form starts at zero |
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Mass spring |
? Assume it's a natural frequency of vibration |
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Pendulum look this up |
Figure out with g nlr... Assume it's the natural frequency of vibration |
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Phase relationship |
- a different sound can still be in phase when it has a different amplitude - wheres one wave phase in relation to another |
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Amplitude |
- height of the sine wave - insinuates magnitude |
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Peak amplitude |
What is the amplitude at its peak |
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Peak to Peak amplitude |
Peak to lowest Peak - x 2 because they are mirror images of each other |
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Root mean Square amplitude |
Arms=0.7 (peak) |
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Friction |
Is a force that opposes the motion of two objects in contact - friction results in the transfer of kinetic energy to thermal energy |
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Damping |
Vibration slows down and stops because of friction... Amplitude gets less and less |
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Forced vibration |
Not natural frequency an outside force is driving it to its desired frequency |
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Resonance |
Driving a vibration that matches its natural frequency so it amplifies the vibration |
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Impedance= Z |
Overall opposition to motion or flow of energy in a system - measured in omhs (♎) |
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Resistance= R |
energy loss |
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Reactance =X |
Energy storage, temporarily impedes to store then gives it back |
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Mass Reactance |
- f is the frequency of the driving force - m is the mass of the system - driving frequency NOT!!!!! the natural frequency |
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Stiffness reactance |
F is the frequency of the driving force - she is the compliance |
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Total impedance |
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Resonance |
Definition at 20:00 on lecture 2a |
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Nominal scale of measurement |
Quality or type no quantity (same/diff) categories |
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Ordinal |
Categorize a shin and quantification ( greater or lesser) - cannot perform any other mathematical operations on the scale - uses for comparison , ranking but not |
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Interval scale |
Quantification with equal intervals - numerical comparison for voting - we need to make sure that the intervals are equidistant |
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Ratio scale |
Can be exponential or log scale - a reference Baseline - the rest of the scale multiple of the base |
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Laws of exponents |
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Scientific notation |
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Antilog |
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Logs |
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Power |
Work done or energy transferred per unit time |
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Absolute power of sound |
Is very low approximately 10^-8 W |
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Relative power |
Comparing the power of one sound to another reference sound - important because we anchor everything to human hearing we use a threshold of what people can barely hear at 50% of the time |
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Level of power |
Px/Pr |
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Intensity definition |
Intensity=power÷area - power per unit area -units: w/m^2 |
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Level of intensity |
The ratio of one sound to another |
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Power vs intensity |
Acoustic power of a source remains constant no matter where the listener sits ( the tree falls in the forest and it makes a sound) - what intensity drops off as I/r^2 with distance even as total power stays constant |
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Intensity equation formula |
# dB= 10×log (Ix/Ir) |
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What is the reference intensity level for human hearing |
Ir=10^-12 w/m^2 |
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Every time you double intensity it increases the decibel by what number |
3 |
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If you have the intensity what happens to the decibel number |
It decreases by 3 |
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What if we increase the intensity tenfold what is the decibel level |
The decibel level gets increased by 10 |
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What if the intensity is less than the standard intensity |
Can you get a negative decimal number |
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Sound pressure definition |
Force per unit area
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Level of pressure |
The ratio of one side to another |
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Sound pressure level (SPL) reference |
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SPL decibel formula |
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Intensity and pressure are proportional to each other because of the square |
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dB are a unit less scale |
We just convert these numbers to a manageable scale so we can wrap our heads up them |
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When you double the pressure what happens to the decibel number |
It increases by 6 decibels |
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What happens to the decibel number when you cut the pressure in half |
You subtract 6 decibel |
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What happens to the decibel number when you increase the pressure by a factor of 10 |
You increase the decibel by 20 |
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If you double the pressure you quadruple its intensity |
This is due to intensity being proportional to pressure squared |
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The intensity level and SPL FOR THE SAME SOUND... |
Are expressed by the same number of decibels |
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G |
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Combining sound level when sound levels are unequal |
So you have 4 different with different intensity levels Ex: 60 50 30 and 20 dBIL - first you need to find the intensity level for each dBIL - then look at all of the intensity levels and pick the highest one, this number will be the closest to the answer |
The total decibel intensity level can't be lower than the highest IL |
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10^.2 |
1.5 |
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10^.6 |
4 |
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Mass on a spring |
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Spring constant |
Elasticity |
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Circumference formula |
C=2×3.14×r |
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Simple wave |
A single sine wave One frequency 1 amplitude |
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Complex wave |
Two or more sine waves |
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Superposition |
Adding up different sine waves to make a complex wave |
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Complex wave analysis |
Waking up the sine wave into small pieces |
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Complex wave synthesis |
Putting sine waves together to make a complex wave |
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Waveform synthesis |
Using superposition to make a complex |
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Fourier series |
The series of sine waves added together from a specific complex wave |
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Noise cancellation |
When two sounds are 180 degrees out of phase with each other they cancel each other out |
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Periodic waves |
Complex waves that repeat itself |
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A periodic waves |
Complex waves that don't repeat themselves |
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Complex periodic waves |
A periodic wave that often has a harmonic relation to the lowest frequency component |
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Harmonic relation |
Whole number multiples of the lowest frequency component |
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Fundamental frequency |
A multiple of the high frequencies the greatest common denominator and usually the lowest frequency component of a complex periodic wave |
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Harmonics |
Any frequency that is an integer multiple of the fundamental |
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Octave |
A doubling of frequency |
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Overtones |
Any of the harmonic other than the fundamental frequency , the first overtone is the second harmonic |
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Partials |
Any of the frequency components of a complex wave weather a harmonic or not |
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Human speech is usually what kind wave |
Is quasi-periodic not perfectly periodic |
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Complex aperiodic waves |
- they have no repetitions - no harmonics, also known as noise - call voicemail, whispering |
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White noise |
All of the frequencies with equal amplitude |
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Waveform |
The time of the domain and the amplitude is the range |
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Spectrum |
The frequency is the domain and the amplitude is the range |
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Amplitude Spectrum |
Also known as a line Spectrum |
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Continuous Spectrum |
There are too many frequencies so one line would look like a blob so instead they use a curve |
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Spectral envelope |
Uses the curve + frequency lines |
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Sawtooth wave |
Odd and even harmonics - notice that the amplitude decreases with number of the harmonics - slope of spectral envelope is -6 decibels per octave |
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Square wave |
Odd harmonics( even harmonics are missing) - notice that the amplitude decreases with the number of harmonics |
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White noise |
A periodic complex wave - all frequencies have equal amplitude - seasons of component frequencies are random |
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Signal to noise ratio in decibels SNR in decibels (S/N) |
This concerns background noise Equation-dB S/N=10log (S/N) -If S >N dB S/N is positive -If S<N dB S/N is negative |
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Scalar |
Just a number |
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Vector |
Both a number and a direction: pressure, velocity, force |
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Newton's 1st law (inertia) |
An object will just keep moving in space at a constant speed or stay stationary. ( unless something slows it down and stops it ex: friction,gravity or wind) |
Imagine an object in space |
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Newton's Second Law F=m×a |
If the object moved or changed direction and no longer inert, it is due to a force that is directly related to the direction the force was applied |
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Newton's 3rd law |
For every action there is always opposed reaction - so how do we move objects but they don't move us?-think of mass and surface area being incorporated to an acceleration |
Remember F=m×a |
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Natural frequency of vibration |
-the frequency the object prefers to vibrate at - Not a driven frequency!!!! |
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Laws of Logs |
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Single pulse |
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Pulse train |
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Micro 10^-6 |
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1 radian is approximately equivalent to how many degrees |
60 |
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Gravity constant |
9.8 |
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What kind of wave is a sound wave |
Longitudinal |
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Wave length |
Physical distance in space occupied by one period of a wave |
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Frequency |
Cycles per second per unit time |
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Period |
Time needed to complete one cycle |
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-Displacement: taking it out of the equilibrium - velocity: is zero at b and d -acceleration: movement and direction -Gravity and string: always bringing it back to equilibrium (restoring force)
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Reactance at low and high frequencies with impedance |
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Mass and spring concepts |
-Ossolation-simple harmonic , just vibration -Hooks law -F=ma -Has inertia ( no such thing as inertial force!!!) '-Displacement =X and is greatest at the ends -velocity -elasticity=k Acceleration is lowest when |
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Characteristic |
The power of 10 |
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Mantissa |
Log of the coefficient |
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VA e t |
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Hdje |
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Diff between triangle and square |
Amplitudes decrease at different rates |
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Know names of the theroy on last lecture joos Steven's lieberman carol fowler duplex |
Ggghgggt |
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Start time on burst and stop at |
Voicing |
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Bel equation |
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Flip equation when we want something that's under tell denominator |
G |
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10^-5 |
About 3 |
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