Speech Communication Chapters 15-16

Front 1

Persuasion

Back 1

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

Front 2

Mental Dialogue with the Audience

Back 2

The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

Front 3

Target Audience

Back 3

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

Front 4

Question of Fact

Back 4

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

Front 5

Question of Value

Back 5

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

Front 6

Question of Policy

Back 6

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

Front 7

Speech to Gain Passive Agreement

Back 7

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

Front 8

Speech to Gain Immediate Action

Back 8

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

Front 9

Types of Speeches on Questions of Policy

Back 9

1) Speeches to gain passive agreement, 2) speeches to gain immediate action

Front 10

Analyzing Questions of Policy

Back 10

1) need, 2) plan, 3) practicality

Front 11

Need

Back 11

The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

Front 12

Burden of Proof

Back 12

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

Front 13

Plan

Back 13

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

Front 14

Practicality

Back 14

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speakers plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

Front 15

Organizing Speeches in Questions of Policy

Back 15

1) Problem-Solution order, 2) Problem-Cause-Solution order, 3) Comparative advantages order, 4) Monroe's motivated sequence

Front 16

Problem-Solution Order

Back 16

A method of organzing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Front 17

Problem-Cause-Solution Order

Back 17

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, & the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

Front 18

Comparative Advantages Order

Back 18

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speakers solution to a problem is perferable to other proposed solutions.

Front 19

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Back 19

A method of organizing persuasive speeches taht seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Front 20

Ethos

Back 20

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.

Front 21

Problem-Solution Order

Back 21

A method of organzing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Front 22

Problem-Cause-Solution Order

Back 22

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, & the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

Front 23

Comparative Advantages Order

Back 23

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speakers solution to a problem is perferable to other proposed solutions.

Front 24

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Back 24

A method of organizing persuasive speeches taht seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Front 25

Ethos

Back 25

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.

Front 26

Factors of Credibility

Back 26

1) Competence: how an audience regards a speakers intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject. 2) Character: how an audience regards a speakers sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well being of the audience.

Front 27

Credibility

Back 27

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speakers credibility are competence and character.

Front 28

Initial Credibility

Back 28

The credibility of a speaker before he/she starts to speak.

Front 29

Derived Credibility

Back 29

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything he/she says and does during the speech.

Front 30

Terminal Credibility

Back 30

The credibility of a speaker at the end of a speech.

Front 31

Enhancing Your Credibility

Back 31

1) Explain your comptence, 2) Establish common ground with your audience, 3) Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, & with conviction.

Front 32

Creating Common Ground

Back 32

A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.

Front 33

Evidence

Back 33

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.

Front 34

Tips for Using Evidence

Back 34

1) Use specific evidence, 2) Use novel evidence, 3) Use evidence from credible sources, 4) Make clear the point of your evidence

Front 35

Logos

Back 35

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

Front 36

Reasoning

Back 36

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

Front 37

Reasoning from Specific Instances

Back 37

Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion.

Front 38

Hasty Generalization

Back 38

An error in reasoning from specific instances, in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

Front 39

Guidelines for Reasoning from Specific Instances

Back 39

1) Avoid generalizing too hastily, 2) Be careful with your wording, 3) Reinforce your argument with statistics or testimony.

Front 40

Reasoning from Principle

Back 40

Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

Front 41

Casual Reasoning

Back 41

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

Front 42

False Cause

Back 42

An error in casual reasoning in which a speaker mistankenly assumes that because 1 event follows another, the 1st event is the cause of the second. This error is often known by its latin name, 'post hoc, ergo propter hoc' meaning "after this, therefore because of this."

Front 43

Analogical Reasoning

Back 43

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

Front 44

Invalid Analogy

Back 44

An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

Front 45

Types of Fallacies

Back 45

1) Red herring, 2) Ad hominem, 3) Either-or, 4) Bandwagon, 5) Slippery slope

Front 46

Fallacy (definition)

Back 46

An error in reasoning

Front 47

Red Herring

Back 47

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subect under discussion.

Front 48

Ad Hominem

Back 48

A fallacy that attaks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

Front 49

Either-Or

Back 49

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

Front 50

Bandwagon

Back 50

A fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Front 51

Slippery Slope

Back 51

A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

Front 52

Pathos

Back 52

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students refer to as emotional appeal.

Front 53

Generating Emotional Appeal

Back 53

1) Use emotional language, 2) Develop vivid examples, 3) Speak with sincerity and conviction.