Speech Communication 230 Final- Iowa State

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Special Occassion Speeches

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Prepared for a special occasion. Can be either persuasive, informative or both

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Speeches of Introduction

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Prepares or warms up an audience for a speaker. Describes speakers qualifications, previews their topic, invites audience to welcome speaker, and is brief.

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Speeches of Acceptance

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Made as a response to receiving an award. Prepared in advance, expresses what the award means to you, expresses gratitude.

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Speeches of Presentation

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Communicate the meaning of an award, explains why the recipient is receiving it.

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Roasts

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Humorous tribute to a person. Prepared, highlights remarkable traits of the person, positive and brief.

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Toasts

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A brief tribute to a person or an event being celebrated. Prepared, highlights remarkable traits of the person being honored, positive and brief.

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Eulogies

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Commemorates the life of someone. Balanced delivery and emotions, refers to the family of the deceased, positive but realistic.

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After-Dinner Speeches

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Before, during, or after a lunch seminar or other type of meeting as it is to follow a formal dinner. Lighthearted and entertaining. Recognizes the occasion, keep remarks low key to allow for digestion of a meal.

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Canned Speeches

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Used over and over for different settings.

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Speeches of Inspiration

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Uplifts members of the audience to help them see things in a positive light. Appeals to emotions (shared values), uses real stories, dynamic, clear goal, considers definitive organization device, closes dramatically.

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Logos

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Appeals to reason and logic.

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Pathos

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Appeals to emotion.

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Ethos

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Appeals to your credibility and creating credibility. also called speaker credibility.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

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Self Actualization
Self Esteem
Social
Safety
Physiological

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Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion

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Audience members mentally process your message through one of two routes- Central and Peripheral.

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Central Route to Persuasion

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Audience seriously considers your message and are the ones who are most likely to act on it.

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Peripheral Route to Persuasion

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Audience pays little attention and respond to the message as irrelevant or hard to follow. If they buy in, its because of entertainment value, reputation, or personal style. Not likely to breed changes in behavior.

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Claim

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States the speakers conclusion based on evidence.

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Evidence

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Substantiates the claim. Every claim must be supported with evidence.

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Warrant

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Provides reasons why the evidence is valid or supports the claim.

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Claims of Fact

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Focus on whether or not something is true or false or whether something will or will not happen.

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Claims of Value

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Addresses issues of judgement. Argue that something is right or wrong, good or bad, worthy or unworthy.

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Claims of Policy

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Recommend that a specific course of action be taken or approved.

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One-Sided Message

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Does not mention opposing claims

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Two-Sided Message

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Mentions an opposing view and sometimes refutes it.

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Deductive Reasoning

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Begins with an argument or case, and moves into specific examples.

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Inductive Reasoning

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Moves from specific cases into a general conclusion.

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Causal Reasoning

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Speaker argues that one event is the reason for another.

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Monroe's Motivated Sequence

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Attention
Need
Satisfaction
Visualization
Action

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Comparative Advantage pattern of organization

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Showing how your viewpoint or proposal is superior to another.

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Refutation POO

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Refuting claims opposing your position.

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Style

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Specific word choices and rhetorical devices speakers use to express their ideas.

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Concrete Language

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Specific, tangible, and definite.

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Simile

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Compares one thing to another explicitly, using like or as.

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Metaphor

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Compares two things as one actually being the other. "time is a thief".

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Analogy

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An extended metaphor or a simile that compares an unfamiliar concept or process to a more familiar one.

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Faulty Analogy

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Inaccurate or misleading comparison. Because things are similar in some ways mean they are similar in others (false)

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Malapropisms

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Incorrect uses of a word in place of one that sounds like it. "strange receptacle" instead of "spectacle"

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Colloquial Expression

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"ballpark figure" "back the wrong horse"

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Anaphora

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Repetition of a word or phrase in front of a sequence of phrases.

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Epiphora

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Repetition of a word or phrase at the end of a sequence of phrases.

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Alliteration

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Repetition of the same sounds in neighboring words or syllables. "down with dope up with hope"

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Parallelism

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The arrangement of words, phrases or sentences in a similar form. "of the people, by the people, for the people"

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Antithesis

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Setting two ideas in balanced opposition to each other. "one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."

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Manuscript delivery

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word for word delivery.

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Oratory delivery

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From memory.

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Impromptu delivery

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Little time to prepare.

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Pre-Intro

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The first part of a 4-part outline. It has 3 parts, Title, General Purpose, and Specific Purpose.

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Fear Appeals (3 parts)

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Describe a threat
Likelihood to experience the threat
How to avoid or eliminate the threat

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Working Outlines

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Contain complete sentences or thoughts.

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Speaking Outlines

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Contain short phrases or key words.

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Introduction

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Attention getter
thesis
preview

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Conclusion

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Thesis
main points again (preview)
closing

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Feedback Loop

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The continuous adjustment back and forth between speaker and listener.

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Nonverbal Communication

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Eye contact
posture
gestures
(70% of meaning)

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Verbal Communication

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Single channeled, just your words.

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Cognitive modification

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Changing the way you think about something.

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Preparation anxiety

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Pre-Preparation (Before writing your speech)
Preparation (While writing speech)
Pre-Performance (Practicing)
Performance (While Speaking)

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Order of personal beliefs

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values->attitudes->beliefs

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Selective Perception

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Paying attention selectively to some messages while ignoring others.

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Defensive Listening

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Deciding you won't like whats being said or thinking you know better.

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Informational speech types

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Explanation, demonstration, and definition

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Definition- five types

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Operational
Negation
Example
Synonym
Origin (original/root meaning of a term)

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Sources sited in four places.

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Outline
Bibliography
Speaker Notes
Orally

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Three ways to earn credibility

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Content
Delivery
Impartiality