Sociology Chapter 1

Front 1

sociological imagination

Back 1

the ability to see societal patterns that influence the individual as well as groups of individuals

Front 2

troubles

Back 2

are privately felt problems that spring from events or feelings in one individual's life

Front 3

issues

Back 3

affect large # of people and have their origins in the institutional arrangement & history of a society

Front 4

social structure

Back 4

which is defined as the organizational pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together constitute society

Front 5

debunking

Back 5

looking behind the facades of everyday life. behind the scenes of normal patterns

Front 6

social institutions

Back 6

established and organized system of social behavior with a particular and recognized purpose. ex: family, government, marriage, economy...

Front 7

diversity

Back 7

group differences, factors within societal issues.

ex: race, gender, class, age

Front 8

Auguste Comte

Back 8

-first sociology theorist
-believed positivism over everything else
-believed sociology could discover the laws of human social behavior.

Front 9

positivism

Back 9

system of thought in which scientific observation & description is considered the highest form of knowledge

Front 10

Alexis de Tocqueville

Back 10

thought that democratic and egalitarian values in the US influenced American social institutions for the better and transformed personal relationships

society as a whole & how it shaped the individual.
majority = little independence

Front 11

Harriet Martineau

Back 11

-fascinated by the newly emerging culture in America
-also wrote the first sociology methods book...how to observe behavior when one is a participant in the situation being studied

Front 12

Emile Durkhein

Back 12

-public rituals have a special purpose in society, creating social solidarity
-what forces hold society together & make it stable
-people are glued together by belief system = reinforces the sense of belonging

society is an organism. each part has to function to keep it alive.

Front 13

Karl Marx

Back 13

How capitalism shaped society

social revolution:
Fuedal
---REV
capitalism
---REV
communism
UTOPIA

profit-production-property

different classes: capitalists(bourgeois)
proletariat(working)
petty bourgeoisie (managers)
lumpenproletariat(homeless)

Front 14

Max Weber

Back 14

Society had 3 basic dimensions:
-political
-economic
-cultural

multi.dimensional society

Front 15

verstehen

Back 15

understanding of social behavior from the point of view of those engaged in it.

Weber didnt believe sociologists had to be born into a group to understand it. "It takes one to know one." Not true in his case.

Front 16

sociological imagination

Back 16

the ability to see societal patterns that influence the individual as well as groups of individuals

Front 17

troubles

Back 17

are privately felt problems that spring from events or feelings in one individual's life

Front 18

issues

Back 18

affect large # of people and have their origins in the institutional arrangement & history of a society

Front 19

social structure

Back 19

which is defined as the organizational pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together constitute society

Front 20

debunking

Back 20

looking behind the facades of everyday life. behind the scenes of normal patterns

Front 21

social institutions

Back 21

established and organized system of social behavior with a particular and recognized purpose. ex: family, government, marriage, economy...

Front 22

diversity

Back 22

group differences, factors within societal issues.

ex: race, gender, class, age

Front 23

Auguste Comte

Back 23

-first sociology theorist
-believed positivism over everything else
-believed sociology could discover the laws of human social behavior.

Front 24

positivism

Back 24

system of thought in which scientific observation & description is considered the highest form of knowledge

Front 25

Alexis de Tocqueville

Back 25

thought that democratic and egalitarian values in the US influenced American social institutions for the better and transformed personal relationships

society as a whole & how it shaped the individual.
majority = little independence

Front 26

Harriet Martineau

Back 26

-fascinated by the newly emerging culture in America
-also wrote the first sociology methods book...how to observe behavior when one is a participant in the situation being studied

Front 27

Emile Durkhein

Back 27

-public rituals have a special purpose in society, creating social solidarity
-what forces hold society together & make it stable
-people are glued together by belief system = reinforces the sense of belonging

society is an organism. each part has to function to keep it alive.

Front 28

Karl Marx

Back 28

How capitalism shaped society

social revolution:
Fuedal
---REV
capitalism
---REV
communism
UTOPIA

profit-production-property

different classes: capitalists(bourgeois)
proletariat(working)
petty bourgeoisie (managers)
lumpenproletariat(homeless)

Front 29

Max Weber

Back 29

Society had 3 basic dimensions:
-political
-economic
-cultural

multi.dimensional society

Front 30

verstehen

Back 30

understanding of social behavior from the point of view of those engaged in it.

Weber didnt believe sociologists had to be born into a group to understand it. "It takes one to know one." Not true in his case.

Front 31

social darwinism

Back 31

survival of the fittest

simple --> complex [wealth]

hands off pproach to social change - laissez-faire

Front 32

Charles Horton Cooley

Back 32

Chicago School

society molds the individual
looking glass self

I am who I am bc of what you guys think of me.

Front 33

George Herbert Mead

Back 33

Individual & society as independent.

Indiv. developed through the relationship they establish with others.

society exists bc it is perceived in the minds of people

Front 34

Robert Park

Back 34

urbanism & racial/ethnic relationships

concentric circles...can see lower classes

Front 35

Jane Adams

Back 35

leader in settlement house movement.

research to hep the lives who lived in the slums

Front 36

W.E.B. Du Bois

Back 36

African American - Harvard

NAACP

Study sociology with scientific method

Front 37

Marcosociology

Back 37

strive to understand society as a whole

durkheim, marx, weber

Front 38

Microsociology

Back 38

face-to-face social interaction

Chicago school - research that studies indiv. and groups

Front 39

functionalism

Back 39

(durkheim)
each part of society in terms of how it contributes to the stability of the whole.

social stability & shared values change, disorganization leads to forces of other systems to adjust and create stability.

Front 40

Talcott Parsons

Back 40

Different parts of society have different functions:

1- adaption to the environment (economic)
2- goal attainment (political)
3- integrating members into harmonious units (family)
4- maintain basic cultural patterns (church)

Front 41

Robert Merton

Back 41

social practices and consequences

manifest funct. - obvious, stated and intended

latent funct.- unintended, not apparent

Front 42

conflict theory

Back 42

emphasis on role of coercion and power - domination

a persons or groups ability to exercise influence and control over others in producing social order. owners over workers.

functionalism- cohesion within society
conflict theory- strife and function

shared values...

Front 43

symbolic interaction

Back 43

face to face interaction - micro
consider immediate social interaction is where society exists. analyzes society by addressing the subjective meanings that people impose on objects, events, and behaviors.

Front 44

C Wright Mills

Back 44

social imagination the ability to see society patterns that influence the individual and groups

Front 45

sociology

Back 45

the study of human behavior in society

Front 46

social change

Back 46

alternation of society over time

Front 47

social interaction

Back 47

behavior between two or more people that is given meaning

Front 48

exchange theory

Back 48

the behavior of individuals is determined by the rewards or punishments they receive as they interact with others.

Front 49

postmodernism

Back 49

society is not an objective thing. Instead, it is found in th words and images or discourses that people use to represent behaviors and ideas. think that images and texts reveal the underlying ways that people think and act.

Front 50

inductive reasoning

Back 50

arrives at general conclusions from specific observations

Front 51

deductive reasoning

Back 51

specific influences are derived from general principles

Front 52

quantitative research

Back 52

uses numerical analysis
correlation,percentage, rate, mean, median, mode

Front 53

qualitative research

Back 53

less instruction, allows for more interpretation and nuance in what people say and do

Front 54

independent variable

Back 54

researcher wants to test as the presumed cause of something else

Front 55

dependent variable

Back 55

which there is a presumed effort

Front 56

indicators

Back 56

something that points to or reflects an abstract concept

Front 57

data analysis

Back 57

process by which sociologist organize collected data to discover the patterns and uniformities that the data reveal