Sociology Exam 1

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Sociology

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The systematic study of the relationship between the individual and society, and of the consequence of difference.

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Why study sociology?

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Understand how social relationships influence behavior, how social institutions affect us, and how we affect other individuals, groups, and organizations.

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Sociological Imagination

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An awareness of the relationship between who we are as individuals and social forces that shape our lives.

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When did sociology begin?

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1893

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How did Industrialization and Urbanization impact sociological thinking?

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People were looking for scientific explanations, Comte wanted to establish a science of society to reveal its basic laws and understand social statistics and social dynamics.

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Comte

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Positivism, Coined the term sociology

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Matineau

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Wrote the first soc book, significance of inequality and power

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Spencer

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Social Darwinist, nature take its course

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Durkheim

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Suicide theory, functionalist, anomie, social order, social integration.

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Parsons

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Equilibrium model - society tends towards a state of balance.

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Marx

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Power and control over resources, Alienation, Conflict Theory.

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Weber

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Power det. by social class and ownership of material and organizational resources and by social status.

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Mills

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Sociological Imagination

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Functionalist Theory

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Emphasizes parts of society are structured to maintain its stability. Vast network of parts, each helps maintain system as a whole.

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Conflict Theory

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Tension between groups over power or resources. How status quo is established, and who benefits or suffers.

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Symbolic Interactionist Theory

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Generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction to explain society as a whole.

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Quantitive Research

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Numerical form

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Qualitive Research

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What is seen in field or naturalistic settings. Observation, Ethnography.

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Research Process

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Define, Review, Hypothesis, Research design/collect and analyze data, conclusion.

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Populations

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Represents a group that you wish to generalize your research to.

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Samples

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Selection of a population that statistically represents that population.

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Random Samples

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Every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected.

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Stratified Random Samples

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Reproduction of a population that is divided into characteristics of importance, then randomly sampled within each category.

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Independent Variables

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Causes or influences a change in a second variable.

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Dependent Variables

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Subject to the influence of another variable.

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Experimental Group

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Subjects that are exposed to an independent variable.

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Control Group

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Subjects that are not exposed to an independent variable.

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Culture

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Shared language, knowledge, materials, and behavior.

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Material Culture

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Physical or technological aspects of our daily lives.

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Non-material Culture

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Shared customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication.

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Cultural Universal

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Common practices and beliefs shared by all societies.

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Symbols

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Gestures, objects, and words that form the basis of human communication.

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Relationship Between Gender and Language

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Language can transmit gender and racial stereotypes.

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Norms

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Standards of behavior

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Folkways

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Norms governing everyday behavior.

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Mores

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Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society.

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Taboo

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Forbidden by a society. Grotesque.

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Laws

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Formal norms enforced by the state.

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Sanctions

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Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.

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Cultural Lag

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Period of adjustment when non-material culture is struggling to adapt to new conditions of the material culture.

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Subcultures

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Share a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differ from the larger society.

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Countercultures

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Deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture.

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Culture Shock

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feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, or fear that people experience when they encounter unfamiliar cultural practices.

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Ethnocentrism

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Assuming one's own culture is the norm, or is superior to all others.

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Cultural Relativism

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Viewing people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture.

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Socialization

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Life long process through which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a culture.

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Sociobiology

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Scientific study of the biological aspects of social behavior.

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What did Harlow's experiment demonstrate?

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Need for early socialization.

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Child Maltreatment

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Genetic factors and socialization influential in human development.

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Psychoanalytical Perspective

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Self is a social product, aspects of one's personality influenced by others.

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Sensorimotor

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Use senses to make decisions.

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Preoperational

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Use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas.

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Concrete Operational

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Engage in more logical thinking.

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Formal Operational

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Capable of sophisticated, abstract thought. Deal with ideas and values logically.

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Sapir Whorf Hypothesis

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Language a person uses shapes his or her perception of reality.

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Charles Horton Cooley

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The looking-glass self; we become who we are based on how we think others see us.

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George Herbert Mead

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I and Me. I is our acting self, Me is our socialized self. Plans the action, then judges our performance after.

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Agents of Socialization

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Family, cultural influences, race, gender, schools, peers, media, technology, work, religion, the state.

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Gender-role

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Expectations regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.

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Anticipatory Socialization

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Rehearsing for future positions, occupations, and social relationships.

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Resocialization

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Process of discarding old behaviors and accepting new ones as part of a life transition.