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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sociological perspective
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Race is a social concept, one in which certain physical or cultural characteristics take on social meanings that become the basis for racism and discrimination
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Concept of Ethnic Group
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-ethnic group has a distinct cultural tradition that it’s own members identify w/and that may not be recognized by others
-they adhere to customs, maintain similarity in family patterns, religion, and cultural values -they often possess distinct folkways and morals; customs of dress, art, and ornamentation; moral and value systems; and patterns of recreation -the group is usually devoted to a monarch, religion, language or territory |
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symbolic Ethnicity
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: -a nostalgic allegiance to the culture of the immigrant generation, or that of the old country, that is not usually incorporated into everyday behavior
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Prejudice
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an irrationally used negative, or occasional positive, attitude toward certain groups and their members
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Ethnocentrism
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refers to the tendency to regard one’s own culture & group as the standard
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Stereotypes
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-are overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories
-reinforce prejudice & cause them to persist in society -racial & gender stereotypes receive ongoing support in the media -justify the oppression of groups based on race, ethnicity and gender |
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Institutional Racism
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-is bias that is inherent in social institutions and is often not noticed by members of the dominant racial group
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Social Functions of Prejudice
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-A prejudice helps draw together those who hold it
-when two or more groups are competing for access to scarce resources it is easier to write off competitors as unworthy -prejudice allows us to project onto others those parts of ourselves that we don not like and therefore try to avoid facing |
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Unprejudiced Nondiscriminators
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-not prejudiced against other groups and don’t practice discrimination
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Unprejudiced Discriminators
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-free from racial prejudice, but will keep silent when bigots speak out
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Prejudiced Nondiscriminators
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-hesitate to express their prejudices when in the presence of those who are tolerant
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Prejudiced Discriminators
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-don’t believe in equality, and don’t hesitate to give free expression to their intolerance
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Patterns of Racial & Ethnic Relations
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-Assimilation
-Pluralism -Segregation -Subjugation -Expulsion -Annihilation |
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Assimilation
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-groups w/different cultures come to have a common culture
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Pluralism
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-development & coexistence of separate racial & ethnic group identities w/in a society
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Segregation
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-a form of subjugation, refers to the act, process, or state of being set apart
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Subjugation
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-(ex: slavery)-subordination of one group & the assumption of authority, power, and domination by the other
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Expulsion
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-forcing a group to leave the territory in which it resides
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Annihilation
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–deliberate extermination of a vacial or ethnic group
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Native Americans
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-most disadvantaged group in the U.S. in terms of income, employment, housing, and nutrition.
-Highest poverty rate of all minorities and 50% unemployment among males |
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African Americans
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-majority went to Brazil & the Caribbean, 6 % went to US
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Latinos
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-includes: Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and other Latin American Immigrants
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Entries into US Society:
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-Mexican Americans through military conquest (1846-1848)
-Puerto Ricans through war w/spain (1898) -Cubans as political refugees (1959) |
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Middle Easterners
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-immigrants from middle-eastern countries
-Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, and Iran |
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White Ethnic Groups
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England, Scotland, and Whales.
-40% of the world’s Jewish pop. Lives in the US |
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Immigrants Today
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-53.3% of the foreign born pop. Were from latin America, 25% from Asia and 13.7% from Europe
-Latin America & Asia accounted for 78.2% of the foreign-born pop. Up from 28.3% in 1970 |
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Gender
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- social, psychological, and cultural attributes of masculinity and femininity that are based on the previous biological distinctions
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Sexism
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-belief that there are inhate psychological, behavioral and/or intellectual differences between women & men & that these differences can note the superiority of one group & the inferiority of the other
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Gender-Role Socialization
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-a lifelong process where by pple learn the values, attitudes, motivations, and behavior considered appropriate to each sex according to their culture
-in any society males & females are socialized different |
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Structural Functionalist
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-pre-indust society required a division of labor based on gender
-woman nursed & cared for children -men were responsible for material needs |
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Conflict Perspective
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-according to conflict theory, males dominate females bc of their power & control over all resources
-by subordinating women, men gain greater economic, political and social power -Conflict theorists believe the main source of gender inequality is the economic inequality between men and women |
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2 general beliefs that ensure that men remain in a position of power:
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-women are inferior outside the home
-woman are more valued inside the home |
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Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
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-gender and gender roles are learned through socialization
-women are socialized into expressive roles, men are socialized into instrumental jobs |
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3 ways women experience discrimination in the workplace
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-hiring process, when women are given jobs w/lower prestige than a man w/equalivent qualifications
-through unequal wage policies, by which women receive less pay than men for equivilant works -in awarding promotions, as women find it more difficult to achieve |
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Glass Ceiling
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- a social barrier that makes it difficult for women to rise to the top level of management
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Pay Equality
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-wage gap-the disparity between women’s and men’s earning
-women made 79 cents for every $1 earned by men -women receive less pay than men w/same edu |
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Pay equity or comparable worth
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:- the belief that wages should reflect the worth of the job, not the gender or race of worker
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Devaluation Hypothesis
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-argues that women are paid less bc the work they do is socially defined as less valuable than the work performed by men
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Human Capital Hypothesis
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-argues that female-male pay differences result from differences in women’s and men’s edu., skills, training, and work experience
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Four Factors for the Earning Gap
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-Gender Discrimination
-heavy domestic responsibilities reduce women’s earnings -women tend to be concentrated in low-wage occupations and industries -work done by women is commonly considered less valuable than work done by men bc it is viewed as involving fewer skills |
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Eliminating the Gender Gap
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-among major reforms that could help eliminate the gender gap in earnings and reduce overall gender inequality are:
-development of an affordable, accessible system of high-quality day care -(paid) remuneration of men and women on the basis of their work’s actual worth |
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Functions of the Family
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-patterning reproduction
-organizing production & consumption -socializing children -providing care & protection & social status |
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Nuclear Family
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-is the most basic family form and is made up of a married couple and their biological or adopted children
-is found in all societies, and it is from this form that all other (composite) family forms are derived. |
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Polygamous Families
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-are nuclear families linked together by multiple marriage bonds w/one central person married to several spouses
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Polygynous Family
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the central person is male and the multiple spouses are female
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Polyandrous Family
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the central person is female and the multiple spouses are male
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Extended Families
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-along w/married parents and their offspring, there may be the parents’ parents, siblings of the parents, and siblings’ spouses and children, and in-laws
-all members of the extended family live in one house or in homes close to one another, forming one cooperative unit |
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Nuclear Family
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-child-centered family
-marriage based on romantic love -increased equality for women -decreased links w/extended families or kinship networks -increased geographical and social mobility -clear separation between work and leisure |
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Rules of endogamy
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-Limit the social categories from within which one can choose a marriage partner
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Rules of exogamy
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-require an individual to marry someone outside his or her culturally defined group.
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Cohabitation
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- increased dramatically in the past 20 yrs and is having a significant impact on the family.
-in 1988, fewer than one in five married Americans said they lived w/their spouse b4 marriage |
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Negative Effects of Cohabitation
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-men and women who cohabitate are more likely than married pple to:
-experience partner abuse (16% vs 5%) -infidelity -20% of cohabitating women indicated having secondary sex partners compared to only 4% of married women -have the low levels of wealth characteristic of single mothers |
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Religion
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-a system of beliefs & practices based on some sacred or supernatural realm, that guides human behavior, gives meaning to life, and unites believers into a single moral community
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Sociology of religion
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-focuses on religious groups & organizations, on ways religion is intertwined w/social institutions
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Faith
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-is unquestioning belief that doesn’t require proof or scientific evidence
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Sacred
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refers to those aspects of life that are extraordinary or supernatural
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Profane
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- refers to the everyday, secular aspects of life.(nothing special, everyday things)
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Rituals
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-are regularly repeted and corefully prescribed froms of behaviors that sympbolize a cherished value or belief
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Elements of Religion
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-ritual & prayer
-emotion -belief -organization |
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4 categories of religious function
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1.) satisfying individual needs
2.) promoting social cohesion 3.) providing a worldview 4.) helping to adapt to society |
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Marx theory on Religion
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saw religion as a tool the upper classes used to dominate the lower classes
-lower classes were distracted from social change by the promise of happiness through religion (grit and bare and you will get yours later) -they would receive their reward in heaven and so had no reason to improve their condition in this world |
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Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
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-religion serves as a reference group to help pple define themselves
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4 major types of Religions
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1.) Supernaturalism: -postulates the existence of nonpersonalized supernatural forces that can influence human events
2.) Animism: -belief in inanimate, personalized spirits/ghosts of ancestors that actively work to influence human affairs. 3.)Theism: -belief in divine beings (gods and goddesses) who shape human affairs 4.) Abstract Ideals: -Focus on the achievement of personal awareness & a higher state of consciousness through correct ways of thinking & behaving, rather than by manipulating spirits or worshipping gods |
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Monotheism
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-belief in the existence of a single god
-3 religions are known to be monotheistic: -Judaism -Christianity -Islam |
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Polytheism
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-belief in a number of gods
-each God or Goddess usually has particular spheres of influence such as childbirth, rain, war…. -there is generally one who is more powerful than the rest & oversees the others’ activities |
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symbolic interactionist
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-Religion may serve as a reference group for many pple, but bc of race, class, & gender, pple may experience it differently
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Secularization
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-process by which religious beliefs, practices, & institutuions lose their significance in sectors of society and culture (ex: no longer most important thing)
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Functionalists
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- suggests that edu contributes to the maintenance of society & provides opportunity for upward social mobility
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Conflict Theorists
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- argue that edu perpetuates social inequality
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Symbolic Interactionists
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-focus on classroom dynamics & the effect of self-concept on grades and aspirations
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Manifest functions of EDU
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-intended function
-socialization of the young -teaching of academic skills |
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Latent Functions of EDU
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-Child Care
-transmission of values |
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Conflict Perspective
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-schools stifle individualism and creativity in the name of mainting order
-edu system socializes students into values dicated by the powerful majority -edu reproduces existing class relationships -unequal funding is a source of inequality in edu -access to colleges & universities is determined not only by academic record but also by the ability to pay |
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Factors associated w/dropouts
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-low edu & occupational attainment levels of parents
-low family income -speaking a language other than English in the home -single parent families -poor academic achievement |
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Effects on Society from dropping out
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-dropouts pay less in taxes, bc of their lower earnings
-dropouts increase the demand for social services including welfare, medical assistance, & unemployment compensation -dropouts are less likely to vote -dropouts have poorer health -half of all state prison inmates were drop outs |
