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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sociology
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The scientific study of people and their interactions with each other.
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Sociological Imagination
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Being able to place personal experience in a broader environment.
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Suicide according to Durkheim
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decreases with level of social integration (married, military, employed, old, with kids, during war ---> less likely to commit
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Social Structure
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Stable pattern of behavior; permanent component of one's environment; ie. religion, govt., family, education
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Macro vs. Micro
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Macro -social structure affects people's lives
Micro - individual interaction affects social structure |
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Structural / Functionalist Theory (Macro)
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-based on positivism
-Key ideas: society is a complex system of parts that function together to maintain stability and solidarity; no judgement; need people to buy in to it; socialization Criticisms: if something serves no function in society, it will dwindle out; stability not always good; ignores inequality & conflict |
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Manifest and Latent Functions
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Manifest - stated functions
Latent - secondary; a by-product |
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Dysfunctions
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Disrupt stability
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Social Conflict Theory (Macro)
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Key ideas: tension between groups over scarce resources (money, power, status, degrees); unequal distribution; sometimes unfair; powerful make rules to benefit themselves; different access / opportunity
Criticisms: biased; acting toward social change; ignored shared values and beliefs |
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Symbolic Interaction Theory (Micro)
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-Society as a product of everyday actions
Key Ideas: symbols have shared meaning; shape our view of the world Criticisms: Ignores cultural differences; ignores influences of social structure |
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Socialization
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The process by which humans learn to develop their human potential and lean cultural patterns; ongoing process
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Sigmund Freud
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Self is comprised of Id (basic human needs), Ego (effort to balance pleasure seeking with societal interests; self image) and Super-ego (internalization of norms, values, etc. but culture specific)
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Behaviorism
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-learned; not inherent
-Pavlov (dogs) and Skinner (operant conditioning) said it's based on trial and error |
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"Looking-glass self"
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Charles Cooley said: who we are is shaped by others reactions to us
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Mead - Development of self
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1) Pre-play / imitation
2) Play - self begins to emerge; based on significant others 3) Game - take on multiple roles 4) Generalized Other - expectations of society are taken into account; marks the end of primary socialization (adolesence) |
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Primary vs. Secondary Socialization
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Primary - family, early age, emotional base, language, norms, etc., lasts forever
Secondary - peers, school, weaker, relearn throughout life |
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Agents of Socialization
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1) Family - basic skills, given social position
2) Education - values, norms of society; "hidden curriculum" 3) Peer Groups 4) Mass Media |
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Re-socialization
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Radical change of personality by discarding and replacing everything learned previously; need total institution to acheive
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Total Institution
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Ex.) Prison or military
- Isolated from society -activities conducted in groups -aspects of life designed for the organization's purpose -breaks down the individual's identity and reforms a new identity |
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Role Conflict
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conflict in roles between 2 or more statuses
ex.) male pre-school teachers |
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Role Strain
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conflict in roles from one status
ex.) Role of a researcher (If Hitler asked...) |
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Roles
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Expected behavior of a particular status
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Status
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Socially defined position
Ascribed - given by society; may change over time; gender, race Achieved - attained by your own doing Master - defines your general status/position |
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Dramaturgical analysis
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-PERFORMING roles
-impression management -social context is important |
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Impression Management
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The process through which people try to control the impressions other people form of them
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Thomas theorem
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"If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences."
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Group
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2 or more people who identify and interact with one another and share norms, etc.
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Free-rider Problem
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Free riders are actors who consume more than their fair share of a resource, or shoulder less than a fair share of the costs of its production. The free rider problem is the question of how to prevent free riding from taking place
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Groupthink
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Members of the group avoid promoting viewpoints outside the comfort zone of consensus thinking.
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Social Control
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Techniques to regulate behavior; to prevent deviant behavior; for obedience and conformity
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Deviance
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Violation of social norms
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Strain Theory - Merton (5 types of people)
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1)Conformist - does what they're supposed to do
2) Innovator - finds a way to reach the goals because they don't have the means 3) Ritualist - hates goals, but goes through life monotonously 4) Retreatist - Detached from society 5)Rebels - completely reshape it all (ie. meditation for peace) |
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Differential Association Theory - Sutherland
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People's tendency toward deviancy is dependent on the amount of contact/interaction woth others who reject conventional behavior
Problem: Most people don't become deviant; also, chicken and the egg theory |
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Control Theory - Hershey
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People more attached to society have a decreased chance of being devant
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Labeling Theory
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Act of deviance is not important, just the reaction of society that matters; has stages of deviance (if, then)
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy
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a prediction that, being made, actually becomes true
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Stigma
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* the phenomenon whereby an individual with an attribute, which is deeply discredited by his/her society, is rejected as a result of the attribute
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Social Stratification
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structured ranking of groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society
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Social inequality
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the expression of lack of access to housing, health care, eduction, employment opportunities, and status. It is the exclusion of people from full and equal participation in what we, the members of society, perceive as being valuable, important personally worthwhile and socially desirable
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4 types of Stratification Systems
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1) Slavery - one group owns the other
2) Caste - based on heredity; fixed and immobile 3) Feudal - (state) landowners own land and allow peasants to work on it for protection 4) Class - ranking based on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence mobility |
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Davis - Moore (Functionalists) Thesis
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The greater the functional importance of some things, the more rewards attached to that position; meritocracy; not equal
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Marx vs. Weber (Conflict theorists)
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Marx - Stratification system doesn't benefit everyone and harms some; meritocracy is "blaming the victim"; creates a false consciousness
Weber - 3 components of Startification; 1) Class, 2) Status/Prestige, 3) Power |
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False consciousness (Marx)
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Marxist thesis that material and institutional processes in capitalist society mislead the proletariat — and other classes — about the real relations of forces between those classes and of the actual states of affairs with respect to the development of various elements of pre-socialist society relative to the secular development of human society in general.
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Class Consciousness
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referring to the self-awareness of a social class, its capacity to act in its own rational interests, or measuring the extent to which an individual is conscious of the historical tasks their class (or class allegiance) sets for them.
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Social Mobility
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Horizontal - movement within groups; most common
Vertical - Movement between classes; 2 types - 1)Intragenerational - occurs in your lifetime, 2) Intergenerational - occurs throughout generations Structural Mobility - Vertical mobility is more likely depending on structure |
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Absolute vs.. Relative Ppoverty
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Absolute - not having enough to survive
Relative - being poor by comparison |
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Poverty Line
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equals three times the cost of food
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Feminization of poverty
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-increase in single motherhood
-gender discrimination in labor force (pink collar jobs differ in pay) |
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Culture of Poverty
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Based on the concept that the poor have a unique value system, the culture of poverty theory suggests the poor remain in poverty because of their adaptations to the burdens of poverty.
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Functions of Poverty
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-do the dirty work
-benefit the affluent -creates jobs for those who service the poor -protect the economic usefulness of items unwated by others -make examples out of -reinforce the status of the non-poor |
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Blame the victim
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holding the victims of a crime or an accident to be in whole or in part responsible for what has happened to them. Ex.) blaming a hungry man for stealing
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Race
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a socially constructed category of people who share certain traits (usually biological) that society deems important
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Ethnicity
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a category of people whose cultural heritage is defined as socially significant
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Minority Group
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-subject to disadvantages in society
-not necessarily a numerical minority -experience unequal treatment |
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Stereotype
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Unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that doesn't recognize individual differences within the group
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Prejudice
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negative attitude
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Individual Discrimination
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one on one (overt is illegal)
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Institutional Discrimination
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built into the social system; unintentional; Written or by appearance
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Racism
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negative attitudes about a particular race
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Ways to deal with Diversity
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1) Extermination
2) Amalgamation (melting pot; A+B=C 3) Assimilation A+B+C=A 4) Pluralism A+B+C=A+B+C 5) Avoidance - segregation, sometimes benefits the minority group |
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Contact Theory
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The more diverse people in your class you meet, the more you accept diversity and understand cultures.
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Model Minority
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stereotype that shows how minorities should progress ie.) Asian Americans
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Surveillance Function
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-They choose what we see/know
-Functionalist says this is efficient because we can’t know everything -Conflict Theorists say this is gatekeeping; info they want us to see only (their dominant ideaology) |
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Narcotizing Dysfunction
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desensitizing effect
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Gatekeeping
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info they want us to see only (their dominant ideaology)
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Dominant Ideaology
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The beliefs of the dominant group
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Scapegoat
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target of blame regardless of actual fault
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Functions of Education
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-Socialization
-Child care/Pre-school; latent -Social control / Obedience -Social placement -Social Integration -Knowledge / Training -Innovation -Stability in labor market |
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Inequality of Education
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- more than just self-motivation
-Non-Asian minorities underperform -Bias of standardized tests -Tracking (AP track, college prep track, Technical track) -hidden curriculum |
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Hidden Curriculum
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what’s really taught is values, behaviors and culture deemed acceptable by society
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Credentialism
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Increasingly need more and more to get a good job
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Grade Inflation
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people are getting higher grades now
1969 – more C+’s then A’s 2003 – A’s win 9:1 |
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Religion
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A unified system of beliefs/practices related to sacred things
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Sacred vs. Profane
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Sacred - Elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe, fear, etc.; Assumes people have faith
Profane – ordinary elements of everyday life; everything not sacred (i.e. desk) |
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Totems
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Symbols ie. star of David, Cross
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Rituals
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A way for collective groups to elevate the sacred
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Monotheism vs. Polytheism
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Mono- believe in one God
Poly - Believe in multiple gods |
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Denomination
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Large, organized religion no affiliated with the state
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Ecclesia
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established state churches
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Sect
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Relatively small religions that break away from a larger denomination; usually short-lived
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Cult
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A small, usually secretive group that represents either a brand new religion or a dramatically different take on an existing religion
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Secularization
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The process of transformation by which a society migrates from close identification with religious institutions to a more separated relationship.
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Protestant Work Ethic (Weber)
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-Helped the industrial revolution, had to earn money, but couldn’t flaunt it
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Functions of Religion
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Can help promote social change
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Marx's view of religion (Conflict)
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Opiate of the masses
-Keeps the powerful in power -passifies people b/c they’re living for the next life |
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Sport
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Institutionalized competitive activity
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Obesity
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Having too much body fat
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Global Stratification
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Differences throughout the world
-High Income -Upper Middle Income Lower Middle income -Low Income |
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Colonialism and neocolonialism
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Colonialism - nations taking over other nations
Neo-colonialism – Multi-national Global Corporations |
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Modernization Theory
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o Technological / cultural differences
Different Stages lead to money in the culture 1) Traditional 2) Takeoff* (Key stage) -People make more than they need -Surplus profit 3) Technological Maturity -Growth is accepted -Higher living standards sought -Poverty reduced Education increased…etc. 4) High Mass Consumption -To the extreme -People start to feel they need things (Ipod, cell phone, etc. |
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Dependency Theory
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Poor and rich countries dependent on each other
Classifies the world into 3 types of countries 1)Core (Wealthy) -Dependent on a small number of exports for sustaining the country (Ex. Oil) 2) Periphery (Poor) -Get exploited by Wealthy countries 3)Semi-Periphery -have some limited industry; a bit more self-sufficient |
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McDonaldization
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-Increased efficiency
-Standardization -Ease, less cost, saves time, make more money -Impersonal -Dehumanization -High turnover / decreased loyalty -Alienation -Increased bureaucracy |
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Lifestyle/Cultural Enclaves
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An important outgrowth of the sectoral organization of American life as resulting from emergence of industrialization
Cultural Enclave – chat rooms |
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Social Change
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hange in the nature, the social institutions, the social behaviour or the social relations of a society, community of people, or other social structures
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Social Movements
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A sustained attempt by collective actors to bring about rapid change
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Relative Deprivation Theory
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A movement when people perceive a gap between what their life is like and what they believe it should be
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Resource Mobilization Theory
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Resources are key, must have money, committed people, media support, govt. support / authority, (the more widespread the matter, the more it is legitimized) So more likely to be successful in times of prosperity (people have more expendable income)
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Mass Society Theory
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industrialization leads to impersonal social structures which leads to social movements to re-establish community
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Family
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Relatively permanent group related by blood, marriage, or adoption that live together and share responsibility offspring children
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Monogamy vs. polygamy
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Mono - one partner
Poly - multiple partners |
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Types of kinship
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-Bilateral – both mom and dad
-Patrilineal – Dad -Matrilineal – Mom |
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Patriarchy vs. Matriarchy
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Patriarchy – Dad
Matriarchy – Mom Egalitarian – Both |
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Family Change over time
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-Industrialization
-Family Functions reduced -Individualism / Sexual / Cultural Revolutions |
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Functions of Family
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-Emotional Support/Financial/ Belonging
-Socialization -Pro-Creation -Regulation of Sexual Behavior -Protection -Social status |
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"Traditional Family"
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extended, arranged courtship, polygamy common, patrilineal and patriarchical
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Hawthorne Effect
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people’s behavior and performance change following any new or increased attention
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Reliability
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The consistency of your measurement, or the degree to which an instrument measures the same way each time it is used under the same condition with the same subjects. In short, it is the repeatability of your measurement
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Validity
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the strength of our conclusions, inferences or propositions (4 types)
1. Conclusion validity - is there a relationship between the program and the observed outcome? 2. Internal Validity - is there is a relationship between the program and the outcome we saw, is it a causal relationship? 3. Construct validity - is there is there a relationship between how I operationalized my concepts in this study to the actual causal relationship I'm trying to study? Overall, we are trying to generalize our conceptualized treatment and outcomes to broader constructs of the same concepts. 4. External validity - our ability to generalize the results of our study to other settings. |
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Correlation
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anomolous relationship
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Causation
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Cause and effect relationship
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Spurious relationship
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A mathematical relationship in which two occurrences have no causal connection, yet it may be inferred that they do, due to a certain third, unseen factor (referred to as a "confounding factor" or "lurking variable"). The spurious relationship gives an impression of a worthy link between two groups that is invalid when objectively examined.
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Types of research Design
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Surveys, Participant Observations and experiments
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Gender and gender roles
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Personality traits, behavior patterns attached to male and female with social construction
expectations that depend on the setting |
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Glass Ceiling
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Subtle discrimination that prevents certain individuals from reaching high-ranking positions
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Benefits of Marriage
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-civilizing effect
-social support |
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School Tracking
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Increased status of jobs; people who graduated earn more money
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