Sociology 101: Sociology Now - Exam 1

Front 1

Sociological Imagination

Back 1

See our lives as a contextual ones. "Our identities as they exist in the social context

Front 2

Functionalist, Conflict, and interactionist perspectives

Back 2

Functionalist: Social life consisted of several distinct levels. How individuals are socialized into their roles in society.

Conflict: The dynamics of society both of social order and social resistance, were the result of the conflict among different groups.

Interactionalist Perspectives: examines how an individual's interaction with his or her environment help people develop a sense of self.

Front 3

Sociology Versus Common Sense

Back 3

Sociology: A way of seeing, study of human behavior in society.
Common Sense: What we observe to be true isn't when we view it with sociology

Front 4

Manifest vs latent functions

Back 4

Manifest functions: are overt and obvious

Latent Functions: hidden or unintended

Front 5

Macro vs micro level analysis

Back 5

Macro: examines large scale institutional process such as the global market place.

Micro: focuses on the ways in which different groups of people and individuals construct their identities based on their membership in those groups.

Front 6

Nature vs nurture

Back 6

Nature: In the genes as why.
Nurture: The social environment determines.

Front 7

Modernism

Back 7

Modernism: expressed as the passage from religious to scientific forms of knowledge (Comte), from mechanical to organic forms of solidarity (Durkheim), from feudal to capitalist to communist modes of production (Marx)

Front 8

Culture

Back 8

Culture: refers to the sets of values and ideals that we understand to define morality, good and evil, appropriate and inappropriate.

Front 9

The 6 Elements of culture

Back 9

Material culture, symbols, language, rituals, norms, and values.

Front 10

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Back 10

Language shapes our perception

Front 11

Norms

Back 11

The rules a culture develops that define how a people should act and the consequences of failure to act in the specified ways.

Front 12

Formal vs informal norms

Back 12

Written down versus unspoken.

Front 13

Laws, Mores, and folkways

Back 13

Laws: Norms that have been organized and written down. Breaking these norms involves the disapporval not only of immediate community but also agents of the state who are in charge with punishing norm-breaking behavior.

Mores: Stronger norms that are informally enforced. They are moral attitudes that are seen as serious even if there are no actual laws that prohibit them.

Folkway: relatively weak and informal norms that are the result of patterns of actions. like "Manners"

Front 14

Sanctions

Back 14

Penalties for breaking Laws.

Front 15

Subculture

Back 15

A group of people within a culture who share some distinguishing characteristics, beliefs, values, or attributes that set them apart from the dominant culture.

Front 16

Argot

Back 16

Terms used in a specialized field, for instance in computers "RAM"

Front 17

Cultural Capital

Back 17

any piece of culture, an idea, artistic expression, form of music or literature- that a group can use as a symbolic resource to exchange with others.

Front 18

popular culture

Back 18

The culture for the masses, the middle and working class. Includes a wide variety of popular music, forms of literature, etc.

Front 19

Fad

Back 19

defined by being short lived, highly popular and wide spread behaviors, styles, or modes of thought.

Front 20

Cultrual diffusion

Back 20

The spreading of new ideas through a society, independent of popular movement.

Front 21

Counter Culture

Back 21

Subcultures that identify themselves through their difference and opposition to the dominant culture.

Front 22

Culture Shock

Back 22

a feeling of disorientation, what we know as normal is flipped upside down.

Front 23

Cultural lag

Back 23

The gap between technology and material culture and its social beliefs and institutions

Front 24

Cultural universals

Back 24

rituals, customs, and symbols that are evident in all societies.

Front 25

Cultural gatekeeper

Back 25

a committee, senior, elderly citizens, prominent members. This committee will decide the parameters of culture for that society.

Front 26

Ethnocentrism vs cultural relativism

Back 26

A belief that ones' culture is superior to others versus a position that ll cultures are equally valid in the experience of their own members.

Front 27

Society

Back 27

an organized collection of individuals and institutions bounded by space in a coherent territory, subject to the same political authority, and organized through a shared set of cultural expectations and values.

Front 28

Social structure

Back 28

a complex framework or structure, composed of both patterned social interactions and institutions that together both organize social life and provide the context for individual action.

Front 29

Status

Back 29

refer to any social identity recognized as meaningful by the group or society. A status is a position that carries with it certain expectations, right and responsibilities.

Front 30

Primary vs secondary ties

Back 30

Emotional groups that are their to support you versus being apart of a group to reach a common goal.

Front 31

The norm of reciprocity

Back 31

the social expectation that people will respond to each other in kind—returning benefits for benefits, and responding with either indifference or hostility to harms

Front 32

Civic organizations

Back 32

group are the organizations that deals with the community meaning citizens ensuring democratic practises as well as promotion of god governance

Front 33

Normative organizations

Back 33

typically voluntary organizations; members receive no monetary rewards and often have to pay to join.

Front 34

Achieved status versus Ascribed Status

Back 34

A status that we attain through talent, ability, effort, or other unique personal characteristics versus a status that we receive involuntarily without regard to our unique talents, skills or accouterments. for instance place of birth, first language.

Front 35

Master status

Back 35

When ascribed or Achievesd status is presumed so important that it overshadows all others, dominating our lives and controlling our position in society, it becomes a master status.

Front 36

Social Roles

Back 36

Sets of behaviors that are expected of a person who occupies a certain status

Front 37

Role conflict

Back 37

Happens when we try to play different roles with extremely different or contradictory rules at the same time.

Front 38

Milgram shock experiment

Back 38

The experiment where a teach supposedly shocks the learner with higher voltage until it reaches max voltage, just because he was told to do so.

Front 39

Stanford prison experiment

Back 39

Students put in a make shift prison in stanford basement with student guards and student prisoners to see effect of good people in evil places

Front 40

primary vs secondary groups

Back 40

Emotional Support versus a group to achieve a common goal.

Front 41

In groups versus out groups

Back 41

A group i feel positively toward and to which i belong versus one t o which i don't belong or feel positive toward.

Front 42

Negative reference groups

Back 42

Reference groups that cause you to behave opposite of them, for instance Nazi or klu-klux-klan

Front 43

Group-think

Back 43

The process by which group members try to preserve harmony and unity in spite of their individual judgments.

Front 44

Bureaucracy

Back 44

A formal organization, characterized by a division of labor, hierarchy of authority, formal rules governing behavior, a logic of rationality, and an impersonality of criteria.

Front 45

Webster's 6 characteristic of bureaucracy

Back 45

Division of Labor, Hierarchy of authority, Rules and regulations, Impersonality, Career ladders, and Effciency.

Front 46

Negative consequence of bureaucracy: overspecialization , rigidity & inertia, oligarchy, ritualism

Back 46

Lose sight of the big picture, rules are the law there are no change, go through the motions with no commitement, formal rules and regulations little room for individial initative strategies

Front 47

Impression Management

Back 47

Activly trying to control how others perceive me by changing my behavior to corrospond to an ideal or what they will find most appealing.

Front 48

The looking-glass self

Back 48

To describe the process by which our identity develops.

Front 49

Face-Work

Back 49

Our attemp to give the best possible performance.

Front 50

Goffman's Dramaturigical approach to "self"

Back 50

Change our behavior so easy and so often, without even thinking about it.