Sociology 101 Exam 2

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social stratification

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hierarchical arrangement of social classes, castes and strata within a society

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4 major dimensions of stratification

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• Simple model consisted of
o First world (industrialized)
o 2nd world (communist)
o 3rd world (all other countries)

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caste societies

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extreme forms of status groups whose membership is CLOSED;based on occupational tradition

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class societies

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upper, middle, working, lower classes; capitalist societies

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Meritocracy

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you get what you deserve

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karl marx's theory on stratification

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thought strat. was determined by peoples connection to production

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social mobility

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the ability to move up or down in a class system

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upper class

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5%
Blue bloods; Membership almost always based on ascription; They have ‘old money’; Much time devoted to community activities
 LOWER UPPERS
• Working rich people
• The ‘new rich’ by ‘old money standards’

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middle class

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45%
 $50,000 to $100,000 yearly income
 education is important
 high occupational prestige
 involvement in local politics
• have time, power and money to dedicate

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working class

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o Working class 30%
 True ‘industrial proletariat’
• $15,000 to $35,000 annual income
 routine tasks and less satisfaction
‘at least I have a job’

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lower class

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o Lower class 20%
 Lack of fulltime work; little income
 1996: almost 40 million Americans fell into this group
 limited schooling: nearly functionally illiterate
 children feel impact of label and see little hope for future
 welfare may be viewed as only hope

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average middles

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• less prestige in occupation
• few white collar, or high skilled blue collar jobs
• income provides modest security
• college kids normally attend state-sponsored colleges

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SES

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SocioEconomicStatus; combined measure of a families social position based on income, education, and occupation

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absolute poverty

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can be life threatening; 3rd world countries

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GLOBAL stratification

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o First world (industrialized)
o 2nd world (communist)
o 3rd world (all other countries)

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globalization

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every1 works as one society; economic, technological, sociocultural and political forces are used

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industrialization

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when a society uses technological advances to advance socially

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colonialism

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extension of a nation's sovereignty over territory beyond its borders by the establishment of either settler or exploitation colonies in which indigenous populations are directly ruled, displaced, or exterminated

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neocolonialism

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is the continued dependence on more industrialized nations for managerial and technical expertise…

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modernization theory

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attempt to identify the social variables which contribute to the social progress and development of certain societies and seek to explain the details of social evolution; stresses the process of change, but also the response to that change

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world system theory

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a social system, one that has boundaries, structures, member groups, rules of legitimation, and coherence

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primary forms of dependency under global poverty and dependence

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• 1. poor nations buy the used, obsolete, and manufactured goods from rich nations, allowing the rich nations to enjoy a better standard of life
• 2wealthy nations use sanctions and embargos to control the poor nations, solidifying the status quo
• 3 wealthy nations used the media, economy, education, and even politics to keep the dependency going

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dependency theory

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• As a result of colonization, many countries failed to develop diverse economies, resulting in dependence on Most Industrialized Countries

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multinational corporations

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commercial organizations that are headquartered in one country but do business throughout the world

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economic globalization

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process of increasing economic integration between two countries, leading to the emergence of a global marketplace; reduction of trade barriers or direct foreign investment

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race

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shared biologically transmitted traits deemed ‘socially significant’

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ethnicity

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shared CULTURAL heritage

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3 general characteristics of minority groups

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o Share a ‘distinct identity’
 Race, sex, sexual orientation, the poor
o Subordination
 Often saddled with lower status
 Stereotypes, stigma, and labeling
o Stigma – negative auxiliary traits that are given to a groups of people
o Group size (numbers); Women in America outnumber men

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prejudice

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often negative, rigid, and irrational generalization about an entire group of people

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stereotyping

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a prejudiced description of an entire category of people

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assimilation

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the process whereby a minority group gradually adopts the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture

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acculturation

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exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact;

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segregation

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physical and social distance

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prejudice

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idea of racism

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discrimination

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racist action

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levels of prejudice

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cognitive; emotional;

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4 theories of prejudice

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scapegoat theory; authoritarian personality; culture of prejudice; conflict theory

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racism cycle

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prejudice and discrimination; social disadvantage; innate inferiority (starts over)

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sex

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biological differences between males and females

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gender

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the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors we associate with masculinity and femininity

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family of orientation

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family you come from; aunts uncles, parents, sisters, etc

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family of procreation

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of orientation and beginning of procreation; offspring and parents and SPOUSE not a random baby mama beezie

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family of affinity

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fictive kin – someone that is not blood related but is always around and very close to family. Tanya and her cousin not cousins; my relation to Daniel as uncle

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endogamy

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marriage between people within the same social category (race, gender, economic, etc)

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exogamy

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marriage between people in different social categories

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sexual scripts

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instruct members of a society as to appropriate behavior and the meanings to attach to certain behaviors

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kinship

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social bond, BLOOD BASED, marriage, or adoption that joins individuals into a family

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religion

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refers to both the personal practices related to communal faith and to group rituals and communication stemming from shared conviction.

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functions of family

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socialization of members, regulation of sex, social placement

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stages of family life

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courtship, settling in (ideal vs real), child rearing, later life

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sacred

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holy

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profane

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anything that doesn't have to do with religion

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sects

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a smaller religious or political group that has broken off from a larger group

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cult

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cohesive social group devoted to beliefs or practices that the surrounding population considers to be outside the mainstream