Sociology 230 Test 2

Front 1

Milliken v. Bradley

Short Answer

Back 1

1974- Milliken v. Bradley
-limited Swann v. Mecklenburg (1971) which started interdistrict busing.
-Not constitutional to use interdistrict busing unless there is evidence of racially motivated segregation policies.
-Negatively impacted black education
-Later Oklahoma vs. Dowell (1991) further limits the impact of busing by saying can be stopped once all practical steps were taken to stop the legacy of segregation

Front 2

Interest Convergence

Short Essay

Back 2

Bell says 2 Rules of Interest Convergence:
1) Minority progress when while interests align, not for justice but for alternative motive
2) When interest changes or threatens while societal power structure, progress stops.

Bell Says:
-Brown v. Board was during Clod War to improve America's image (rule 1) but stopped when cost whites money (rule 2)
- Justice O'Connors supports Affirmative Action because it benefits whites with diversity in the classroom (rule 1) but thinks it should be limited due to cost (rule 2)
- Obama, we look good bc of black president (rule 1) but if he messes up we can blame it on him being black (rule 2)

Front 3

What is the METCO program in Boston?

Back 3

inter-district busing. It shipped diversity to the suburbs.

Front 4

What was the main characteristic of Brown v. Board of Education II decision in 1955? What was its impact, according to Bell?

Back 4

Brown v. Board II decided that the findings of Brown v Board I need to be carried out as quickly and practically as possible.

This addition to the original decision slowed progress down. It created arbitrary guidelines that lacked specific legal requirements. Judges that did more than the bare minimum were looked down upon by the vocal opposition.

Front 5

Conditions of education for Latino children which Bell calls 'even more dreary than black children":

Back 5

1. segregated by race and poverty
2. also have linguistic segregation

Front 6

Expulsion

Back 6

1. Ejection: the act of forcing out someone or something

2. Population transfer; To move a population together

Front 7

Arguments on reparations made by opponents:

Back 7

1. None of those who were slaves or slave masters are still alive
2. Legal difficulties facing reparations litigation say it is highly unlikely that blacks living today will obtain direct payments

Front 8

Anglo-Conformity

Back 8

A+B+C=A

Front 9

Melting Pot

Back 9

A+B+C=D
Better described as Salad Bowl because of pockets of race

Front 10

Pluralism

Back 10

Also known as Multiculturalism
economic and political incorporation of minority but culture is still unique

Front 11

Separatism

Back 11

All things are separate. This is wanted by the minority

Front 12

5 Arguments on reparations made by proponents:

Back 12

1. slaves were not paid for their labor over 200 years ago, depriving their descendants of their inheritance
2. descendants of slave owners wrongfully inherited the profits derived from slave labor
3. the U.S government made and then broke its promise to provide former slaves with 40 acres and a mule
4. systematic and government-sanctioned economic and political racial oppression since the abolition of slavery impeded and interfered with the self-determination of African Americans, excluded them from sharing in the nations growth and prosperity
5. the reparations that Germany gave to Jews and U.S to Native Americans and Japanese americans are precedents for the payment of reparations to the African Americans

Front 13

Cultural Assimilation

Back 13

Learn english and customs

Front 14

What was the recent trend from the video from march 30th (blacks in atlanta)1

Back 14

Race matters less as socioeconomic class increases. Cosmopolitanism

Front 15

Primary Structural Assimilation

Back 15

personal inclusion

Front 16

What is the structure of the educational funding in the US? What is its racial implication

Back 16

Based on local property tax. Because of this property value is lower in the city and there is not as much tax money going to the school. Furthers inequality because suburban have more $ and thats mostly white.

Front 17

Secondary Structural Assimilation

Back 17

incorporate official matters

Front 18

Three major negative effects of Residential Segregation

Back 18

1) Maintains unequal distribution of resources and opportunities
2) Preserves poverty/affluence
3) reduces intergroup interaction and reinforces prejudice

Front 19

Plessy v. Furgeson

Back 19

1896- Separate but Equal

Front 20

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Kansas)

Back 20

1954- separate is inherently unequal

Front 21

Three major negative effects of Residential Segregation

Back 21

1) Maintains unequal distribution of resources and opportunities
2) Preserves poverty/affluence
3) reduces intergroup interaction and reinforces prejudice

Front 22

Serrano v. Priest

Fill in the Blank Question

Back 22

1971, California Supreme Court, Funding based on property taxes is unconstitutional

Front 23

What were the two types of white voters who voted for Obama?

Back 23

Post-Racial Type: voted because he is the best candidate

Race Conscious Type: voted but see him as an exception and not a typical black

Front 24

San Antonio v. Rodriguez

Back 24

1973- did not prove education was a fundamental right thus current financing of education system was constitutional

Front 25

Three features of urban black ghettos compared to ethnic enclaves (know Chicago)

Back 25

1) more homogeneous
2) more isolated
3) more permanent
In Chicago, all back and all polish neighborhoods make certain areas homogenous. Isolated because 93.1% of blacks in Chicago live in black neighborhoods.

Front 26

Milton Gordon's Dimensions of Assimilation

Back 26

First comes Cultural Assimilation- learn english and customs.
Then Structural Assimilation:
secondary- incorporate in official manner
primary- personal inclusion
Last is Amalgamation (marital assimilation)

Front 27

Swann v. Charlotte- Mecklenburg

Back 27

1971- allowed busing students to promote integration

Front 28

Oklahoma Board of Education v. Dowell

Multiple Choice

Back 28

1991- Desegregation attempts can stop once all practical steps were taken. Led to re-segregation.

School systems must show that they took all the practicable steps to desegregate schools

Front 29

Restrictive Covenants

Back 29

Contractual agreements that property wouldn't be rented, leased, or sold to undesirable people

Front 30

Racial Steering

Back 30

Practice by real-estate agents showing clients only certain houses in certain neighborhoods based on their race

Front 31

Blockbusting

Back 31

scaring people into selling their homes with the threat of minorities moving in. Then selling the houses to minorities for a profit

Front 32

Redlining

Fill in the Blank

Back 32

Banks deliberately denied loans to people to buy homes in lower-income minority neighborhoods

Front 33

Shelley v. Kraemer

Fill in the Blank

Back 33

1948- Supreme court ruled that restrictive covenants were unconstitutional

Front 34

Affirmative Action

Multiple Choice

Back 34

Designed to ensure equal opportunities

Front 35

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Multiple Choice

Back 35

1978- Race can be used as a criterion for admission as long as it is not a decisive factor

Front 36

Hopwood v. Texas

Back 36

1996- Race cannot be used as a factor in college admissions

Front 37

Proposition 209

Multiple Choice

Back 37

Eliminated Affirmative Action programs in California

Front 38

Grutter v. Bollinger

Fill in the Blank

Back 38

2003- Court ruled that Univ. of Michagan's law school admission process that takes race into consideration was constitutional

Front 39

Gratz v. Bollinger

Back 39

2003- No quotas or automatic points given to racial minorities

Front 40

Transitional Bilingual Education

Fill in the Blank

Back 40

Educational program, learn subjects in native language while they study english as a second language

Front 41

Immersion

Back 41

Learn subjects in simplified english

Front 42

Submersion

Back 42

just get thrown in english classroom

Front 43

Maintenance Bilingual Education

Back 43

Learn subjects in native language AND learn in english

Front 44

Lau v. Nichols

Fill in the Blank

Back 44

1974- submersion (throwing people into english only classes) is unconstitutional; doesn't say what should be offered

Front 45

Proposition 227

Multiple Choice

Back 45

Bilingual education is eliminated- California

Front 46

Cosmopolitanism

Fill in the Blank

Back 46

Racial/ Ethnic identity is a matter of individual choice and thus no racial of ethnic boundary is maintained

Front 47

Amalgamation

Back 47

Combining two races. For example A white man marrying a black woman

Front 48

Capital Flight

Back 48

Sending manufacturing business elsewhere. Manufacturing jobs for less educated disappeared & service jobs tend to have less wages/benefits

Front 49

Deindustrialization

Back 49

Transition from manufacturing economy to service economy

Front 50

Hispanic Crusade

Back 50

Because Hispanics are the fastest growing category, both parties (esp rep) are trying to lure Hispanic votes

Front 51

Reverse Discrimination

Back 51

Discrimination against members of the majority/dominant party

Front 52

What is the point of Wilson's deindustrialization thesis. How does it relate to race?

Back 52

He thought every class was decreasing due to deindustrialization. He claimed the conditions of black lower classes worsened because of the shift in the economic structure and was race neutral.

Front 53

Voting pattern in the 2008 Presidential Election

Back 53

For Obama

White-->43%
Black-->95%
Hispanic-->67%
Asian-->62%

Front 54

What is the structure of the educational funding in the US? What is its racial implication

Back 54

Based on local property tax. Because of this property value is lower in the city and there is not as much tax money going to the school. Furthers inequality because suburban have more $ and thats mostly white.

Front 55

A great many white as well as Negro children have been harmed by segregation." How? are the harmful effects on these groups compareable? Why do plaintiffs need to emphasize this point to rectify racial injustice?

Back 55

Racial segregation is harmful to Negro children, but the unhappy fact is that as the nations racial history makes clear, racial division there has been much undeserved benefit to whites and a great deal of misery to Negros. Oppression is harmful not only to the oppressor but also to those being oppressed. Pressure by this litigation has caused school boards to assure Courts they will take steps to equalize segregation. In the case of Delaware ordered plaintiffs because of the inadequacy of Negro schools to be admitted into White schools. The case of Plessy v. Ferguson deals with the disestablishment of the dual school system provides children in racially segregated districts with:
1. Equalization: help provide the same academic standing of each school district, same financial, resource, physical, teacher experience
2.Representation:same representation of the same percent of black and white teachers
3.Judicial oversight: officials creating necessary lesson plans and making sure the school is compliance with the first two

Front 56

Consequences of desegregation by busing in Portland, Oregon as reported by Ray Rist:

Back 56

1. black children experience difficulty
2. problems with peer relations
3. teachers physically seperate black students
4. presence and contributions of black people were discounted so black children were either rejected or ignored
5. goal was to render the black children invisible
6. black and hispanic children's educational experience being undermined by uncaring teachers whose approach is geared to racial stereotypes

Front 57

Gramsci's notion of hegemony means what?

Back 57

"The most effective kind of domination takes place when dominant and dominated classes believe that the existing order is satisfactory beacuse things have to be the way they are"

Front 58

Example of hegemony:

Back 58

Working classes recognize they are ill-treated and poorly paid but toil on in silence because they think nothing can be done and think that making waves about the condition will make things worse.

Front 59

When bell states" Today, black people and many Hispanics are trapped in a racial time warp" he meant:

Back 59

People look at race and say that in the future it will all be equal. Forget to acknowledge racism does exist today and conquer the problem now.

Front 60

What is Bell's view on the idea of "color-blindness"?

Back 60

Color-blindness , now as a century ago, is adopted as the easy resolution of issues of race with which the nation would rather not wrestle, much less try seriously resolve. It obscures flaws in the society that are not corrected by being hidden from view.

Front 61

What was Dred Scott v. Sanford decision (1857)?

Back 61

Scott married a black woman and then it was nullified in another state.

Front 62

Oppression

Back 62

Segregation/ Discrimination

Front 63

What happened in Gretna at the time of Hurricane Katrina, as depicted in the video?

Back 63

They didn't let anyone come in. They shut down the bridge.

Front 64

Genocide

Back 64

deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group

Front 65

Texas 10% Policy

Multiple Choice

Back 65

Public universities in Texas must admit all applicants whose GPAs were in the top 10% of their high school's graduating class

Front 66

Proposition 13

Back 66

Property tax for school funding is illegal but reduced taxes for rich so they could send their kids to private school

Front 67

Brown v. Board of Education II

Multiple Choice

Back 67

1955- Desegregation needs to be achieved with all deliberate speed.

Made it ambiguous and vague

Front 68

Question: According to class, which of the following is accurate about the hate groups in the 1990's?'

a) In the 1990s, the number of hate group members increased, because the 1990's was the time of economic downturn
b) In the 1990s, the number of hate group members increased, despite that the 1990's was the time of economic prosperity
c) In the 1990s, the number of hate group members decreased, because that the 1990's was the time of economic prosperity
d) In the 1990s, the number of hate group members decreased, despite that the 1990's was the time of economic downturn

Back 68

b) In the 1990s, the number of hate group members increased, despite that the 1990's was the time of economic prosperity

Front 69

Question: According to the Video "Beyond Brown", when school desegregation was required, how did the white powerful people respond in Prince Edward County in Virginia?

a) They implemented a new form of segregation by putting students into different schools based on their class backgrounds
b) They closed all the public schools in the county
c) They sued the U.S. Supreme Court
d) They welcomes desegregation which would promote multicultural learning

Back 69

b) They closed all the public schools in the county

Front 70

Question: Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of "urban black ghettos" identified by Douglas Massey?

a) Urban black ghettos are more homogeneous than European ethnic enclaves
b) Urban black ghettos are more isolated than European ethnic enclaves
c) Urban black ghettos are more unstable than European ethnic enclaves

Back 70

c) Urban black ghettos are more unstable than European ethnic enclaves

Front 71

Question: In the Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case, the U.S. Supreme Court rendered which of the following decisions?

a) Affirmative action is unconstitutional and needs to be discontinued.
b) Race can be used a criterion for admission, as long as it is not a decisive factor.
c) Affirmative action program need to be expanded, so that not only racial minorities, but also women and people with disabilities will have more opportunities to attend universities.
d) Bakke's claim that he was denied admission to the medical school because of his race is not supported by evidence, therefore he should not be admitted to the medical school at Univ. of California.

Back 71

b) Race can be used a criterion for admission, as long as it is not a decisive factor.

Front 72

Question: Affirmative action, by definition, contains which of the following characteristics?

a) It endorses the use of quotas.
b) It is designed to ensure equal opportunities.
c) It gives preferential treatment to minorities and women regardless of qualifications.
d) Both b and c
e) All of the above

Back 72

b) It is designed to ensure equal opportunities.

Front 73

Question: Which of the following propositions eliminated affirmative action programs in California?

a) Proposition 13
b) Proposition 209
c) Proposition 43
d) Proposition 203

Back 73

b) Proposition 209

Front 74

Question: What is the Texas 10% policy?

a) Public universities in Texas must admit all applicants whose GPAs were in the top 10% of their high school's graduating class.
b) Public universities in Texas must admit all applicants whose SAT scores were in the top 10% of their high school's graduating class.
c) 10% of admissions in public schools in Texas will be reserved for applicants from low-income families.
d) 10% of admissions in public schools in Texas will be reserved for applicants with racial minority backgrounds.

Back 74

a) Public universities in Texas must admit all applicants whose GPAs were in the top 10% of their high school's graduating class.

Front 75

Question: Which of the following was the decision in the case of Oklahoma Board of Education v. Dowell?

a) School districts may use busing to achieve desegregation.
b) School districts must show that they took all the practical steps to desegregate schools.
c) School funding is a state issue, and thus no federal intervention is needed.
d) School curriculum is a sate issue, and thus no national curriculum is needed.

Back 75

b) School districts must show that they took all the practical steps to desegregate schools.

Front 76

Question: What was the decision made in the case of Brown v. the Board of Education II in 1955?

a) Desegregation needs to be achieved through busing children.
b) Desegregation needs to be achieved with all deliberate speed.
c) Desegregation needs to be achieved by redrawing the school district lines.
d) Desegregation needs to be achieved because separate cannot be made equal.

Back 76

b) Desegregation needs to be achieved with all deliberate speed.

Front 77

Question: Which of the following describes proposition 227 in California?

a) Bilingual education is eliminated.
b) Children of illegal immigrants cannot attend public schools.
c) Affirmative action programs are eliminated.

Back 77

a) Bilingual education is eliminated.

Front 78

Question: Which of the following is NOT accurate about the voting patterns in the 2008 presidential election?

a) The numerical majority (more than 50%) of whites voted for Obama.
b) The numerical majority (more than 50%) of blacks voted for Obama.
c) The numerical majority (more than 50%) of Hispanics voted for Obama.
d) The numerical majority (more than 50%) of Asians voted for Obama.

Back 78

a) The numerical majority (more than 50%) of whites voted for Obama.

Front 79

Question: What is the main point of Derrick Bell's alternative Brown?

a) In 1954, the court should have ordered the quick enforcement of desegregation through the federal intervention.
b) In 1954, the court should have ordered the full enforcement of separate but equal.
c) In 1954, the court should have ordered the inter-district busing of children to achieve racial balance.
d) In 1954, the court should have ordered the implementation of a national curriculum to equalize public schools in America.

Back 79

b) In 1954, the court should have ordered the full enforcement of separate but equal.

Front 80

Question: In the 1948 case of _________, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that restrictive covenants were unconstitutional.

Back 80

Shelley v. Kraemer

Front 81

Question: In the 1972 case of _________, the California Supreme Court ruled that educational funding system that relied on local property taxes, resulting in the funding disparity, is unconstitutional.

Back 81

Serrano v. Priest

Front 82

Question: The banks' deliberate decision to refuse loans to people to buy homes in lower-income minority neighborhoods is called _____.

Back 82

Redlining

Front 83

Question: In the 2003 case of ______, the court ruled that Univ. of Michigan's law school admission process that takes race into consideration was not unconstitutional.

Back 83

Grutter v. Bollinger

Front 84

Question: An educational program, in which students learn subjects in their native languages while they study English as a second language, is called _________: ["Bilingual education" is not acceptable for this blank. Name a specific type of bilingual education!]

Back 84

Transitional Bilingual Education

Front 85

Question: In the 1974 case of ________, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that submersion is unconstitutional.

Back 85

Lau v. Nichols

Front 86

Question: According to the lecture, postethnic America is a condition in which America attains _______, where racial/ethnic identity is a matter of individual choice an thus no racial or ethnic boundary is maintained.

Back 86

Cosmopolitanism

Front 87

Question: "An African American becomes the mayor of New York City." This illustrates the sociological concept of:

a) behavioral assimilation
b) primary structural assimilation
c) secondary structural assimilation
d) cultural assimilation

Back 87

c) secondary structural assimilation

Front 88

Question: The melting pot signifies that:

a) The institutions and social lives of subordinate groups are separate from those of the dominant group.
b) each ethnic/racial group blends with the dominant group to produce a new culture.
c) members of all ethnic groups should maintain their own culture and society
d) Ethnic groups should participate in the society's institutions while simultaneously retaining their own ethnic culture

Back 88

b) each ethnic/racial group blends with the dominant group to produce a new culture.

Front 89

Question: The internment camp of Japanese Americans during WWII is an example of:

a) genocide
b) expulsion
c) structural assimilation
d) cultural assimilation

Back 89

b) expulsion

Front 90

Question: Which of the following was the decision in the case of San Antonio v. Rodriguez?

a) school districts may use busing to achieve desegregation
b) School districts must show that they took all the practical steps to desegregate schools.
c) School funding is a state issue, and thus no federal intervention is needed.
d) School curriculum is a state issue, and thus no national curriculum is needed.
e) School districts must admit the children of illegal immigrants.

Back 90

c) School funding is a state issue, and thus no federal intervention is needed.

Front 91

Question: Which of the following propositions in California is commonly known as "tax revolt"?

a) Proposition 13
b) Proposition 227
c) Proposition 54
d) Proposition 209

Back 91

a) Proposition 13

Front 92

Question: According to Massey, urban black ghettos were more isolated from the rest of society than ethnic enclaves.

True or False?

Back 92

True

Front 93

Question: Milton Gordon's stages of assimilation indicate that structural assimilation occurs before cultural assimilation.

True or False?

Back 93

False

Front 94

Question: According to Wilson, the underclass conditions of African Americans in urban areas are the result of deindustrialization which eliminated manufacturing jobs for less-skilled urban residents.

True or False?

Back 94

True

Front 95

Question: According to the video "Hate Network", the number of people belonging to hate groups has decreased in the 1990s because it was the time of economic prosperity.

True or False?

Back 95

False

Front 96

Question: Affirmative action, by definition, gives preferential treatment to minorities and women regardless of qualifications.

True or False?

Back 96

False

Front 97

Question: Contractual agreements among property owners stating that they would not permit an undesirable group member to own, occupy, or lease their property were called ________.

Back 97

Restrictive Covenants

Front 98

Question: In the 1971 case of _______, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the busing of children was necessary to achieve desegregation in each school district.

Back 98

Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg

Front 99

Question: Bell argues that "policy makers act to remedy racial injustices when the perceive that such action will benefit the nation's interests without significantly diminishing whites' sense of entitlement." This view is conceptualized as _______.

Back 99

Interest Convergence