Sociology 101 Chapter 2

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sociology at its core represents

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a conversation between theory and research

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Scientific method-

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A systematic organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem

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What are the Five steps in the Scientific method:

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1. Define Problem
2. Review the literature
3. Formulate hypothesis
4. Design Research
5Develop Conclusion

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To define the Problem is to

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Identify both the concepts we are interested in learning more about and the nature of the relationship we suspect might exist

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Operational Definition-

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Transformation of an abstract concept into indicators that are observable and measurable

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"Reviewing the Literature" involves

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investigating previous research conducted by sociologists and others

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Hypothesis-

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A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables

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Variable-

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A measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions

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Independent Variable-

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The variable in a casual relationship that is subject to the influence of another variable

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Dependent variable-

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The variable in a causal relationship that is subject to the influence of another variable

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Causal Logic-

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The relationship between a condition or variable and a particular consequence with one event leading to another

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Correlation-

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A relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other

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Sample-

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A selection from a larger population that is statistically representative of that population

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Random sample-

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A sample for which every member of an entire population has the same chance of being selected

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Validity-

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The degree to which a measure of scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study

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Reliability-

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The extent to which a measure produces consistent results

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Control Variable-

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A factor that is held constant to test the relative impact of an independent variable

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Research design-

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A detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically

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Quantitative research-

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Research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form

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Qualitative research-

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Research that relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data

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Ethnography-

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The study of an entire social setting through extended systematic observation

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Experiment-

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An artificially created situation that allows a researcher to manipulate variables

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Control group-

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the subjects in an experiment who are not introduced to the independent variable by the researcher

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Hawthorne effect-

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the unintended influence that observers of experiments can have on their subjects

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Secondary analysis-

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A variety of research techniques that make use of previously collected and publicly accessible information and data

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While in study, Participant Observer must

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maintain some degree of detachment from the group

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When scientists want to study a possible cause-and-effect relationship, they

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conduct an experiment

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The experimental group is exposed to an independent variable but

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the control group is not

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Devah Pager Devised

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experiment to assess the impact of a criminal background on individuals' employment opportunities

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American Sociological Association (ASA) First published its code of Ethics in

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1971 and revised it in 1997

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Erving Goffman conducted exploration of

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how advertisements portray women

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Value Neutrality-

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Max Webber's term of objectivity of sociologists in the interpretation of data