Quiz 2 Comm 100

Front 1

Symbols (105)

Back 1

words are symbols that are representative of meaning

Symbols are arbitrary, ambiguous, abstract

(Joy is a symbol that represents me)

Front 2

Arbitrary (105)

Back 2

words are not intrinsically connected to what they are

because words are arbitrary, we can invent new word: Fetch from mean girls

Front 3

Ambiguous

Back 3

What words mean is not clean-cut

"Affordable clothes" means different things to different people

Front 4

Abstract

Back 4

Words are not concrete or tangible, they stand for things

As symbols become more abstract, there is more potential for confusion

Front 5

Four Principles of Verbal Communication (107)

Back 5

1. Language and culture reflect each other

2. Meanings of language are subjective

3. Language use is rule-guided

4. Punctuation shapes meaning

Front 6

Communication can change culture

Back 6

(Things to know)

Can be the primary tool in social movements

Front 7

Example of rule for Communication

Back 7

No interrupting

Front 8

Demand-withdraw pattern

Back 8

"I pursue because you withdraw, I withdraw because you pursue"

Front 9

Linguistic Determination

Back 9

Language determines what we can perceive and think.

Theory was dismissed

Front 10

Language shapes perception

Back 10

How we communicate, act, behave with individuals is affected by how we label them

Front 11

5 Ways Symbolic Abilities Affect Our Lives

Back 11

1. Language defines phenomena

2. Language evaluates

3. Language organizes perception

4. Language allows hypothetical thought

5. Language allows self-reflection

Front 12

Loaded language

Back 12

Language that has different connotations

"Old Pap" vs. Senior citizen

Front 13

Language allows hypothetical thought

Back 13

So we can foster personal growth. "How can I get better?"

Front 14

Speech Communities

Back 14

Gendered, women tend to focus more on empathy and feelings before discussing solutions

Men are more likely to provide solutions to a situation that respond emotionally

Front 15

Guidelines for Improving Verbal Comm

Back 15

1. Engaging in Dual Perspectives

2. Owning your feelings (you language vs. I)

3. Respecting what others say about their feelings

Front 16

Qualify language

Back 16

Don't confuse a general statement for an absolute one: "men are aggressive"

Front 17

Static Evaluation

Back 17

Something that is fixed or can't be changed: Tim is full of himself

Front 18

Indexing

Back 18

Gives a specific time/circumstance

Front 19

Non-verbal comm is made up of

Back 19

1. Gestures

2. Body language

3. Voice inflection

4. How we look

Front 20

Non-verbal makes up what % of comm

Back 20

65-93%

Front 21

Non-similarities between verbal and non-verbal

Back 21

1. Not symbolic

2. Not rule-guiding

Front 22

Non-verbal comm is:

Back 22

Arbitrary, ambiguous, abstract

Front 23

Multi-channeled

Back 23

Non-verbal communication is communicated through multiple things at one time. Hands, eye contact, tone

Front 24

5 ways non-verbals interact with verbals

Back 24

1. Repeat verbal

2. Highlight verbal (tone)

3. Complement verbal

4. Contradict verbal

5.

Front 25

Non-verbal communication

Back 25

All aspects of communication other than words

Continuous

Front 26

4 Principles of Non-Verbal Communication

Back 26

1. Non-verbals may supplement or replace verbal comm.

2. Non-verbal comm may regulate interaction

3. Non-verbal often establishes relationship-level meaning

4. Non-verbal comm reflects and expresses cultural values

Front 27

Types of Nonverbal Comm

Back 27

1. Kinesics

2. Haptics

3. Physical Appearance

4. Artifacts

5. Environmental factors

6. Proxemics and personal space

7. Chronemics

8. Paralanguage

9. Silence

Front 28

Kinesics

Back 28

Body position and body motion-including face

Front 29

Haptics

Back 29

Sense of touch

Front 30

Physical Appearance

Back 30

Western culture has a high value on physical

Front 31

Artifacts

Back 31

Personal objects we use to announce our identities and heritage and to personalize our environments

Front 32

Environmental Factors (As a nonverbal method of comm)

Back 32

Elements of settings that effect how we feel and act

Front 33

Proxemics and Personal space

Back 33

Refers to space and how we use it

Front 34

Nonverbal Expectancy Theory

Back 34

Societies establish norms for how closely people should come to one another and violating those norms can negatively affect how others respond to us

Front 35

Chronemics

Back 35

Refers to how we perceive and use time

Front 36

Paralanguage

Back 36

Communication that is vocal but does not use words. (Murmurs, gasps, vocal qualities, volume, pitch, inflection, accents, pronunciation, complexity of sentences)

Front 37

Silence

Back 37

Communicates a powerful message

Front 38

Social Media and Nonverbal Communication

Back 38

1. Emoticons

2. Size of a person's electronic footprint

Front 39

2 Guidelines for Nonverbal Communication

Back 39

1. Monitor your nonverbal comm

2. Interpret other's nonverbal comm tentatively

Front 40

Immediacy (139)

Back 40

Behavior that increases perceptions of closeness between communicators

Front 41

Listening (163)

Back 41

An active, complex process that consists of being mindful, physically receiving messages, selecting and organizing messages, interpreting messages, responding and remembering

Front 42

Mindfulness (164)

Back 42

Being fully present in the moment

Front 43

Men tend to focus their listening on:

Back 43

Specific content aspects

Front 44

Women tend to focus their listening on:

Back 44

The whole of comm, noticing details, tangents, and relationship meanings

Front 45

What we select to listen to depends on:

Back 45

Our interests, cognitive structures, expectations

Front 46

To interpret Comm in listening (2 things)

Back 46

Be person-centered

Dual perspective (doesn't mean agreeing, but making an honest effort to understand

Front 47

Responding (in listening)

Back 47

Communicating attention and interest: nods, words, nonverbals

Front 48

Remembering (in listening)

Back 48

Process of retaining what you have heard (we remember less than half of what we have heard immediately after hearing it)

Front 49

2 Obstacles to Mindful Listening

Back 49

1. Obstacles in the communication situation

2. Obstacles in the communicators

Front 50

3 Obstacles to listening in the communication situation (External)

Back 50

1. Message overload

2. Message complexity

3. Noise

Front 51

5 Obstacles to listening in the communicators (Internal)

Back 51

1. Preoccupation

2. Prejudgement

3. Reacting to emotionally loaded language

4. Lack of effort

5. Not recognizing or adapting to diverse listening styles

Front 52

Prejudgement

Back 52

When we think we know what the other is going to say, so we don't listen carefully. This is disconfirming to others

Front 53

Reacting to emotionally loaded language

Back 53

Can be positive or negative, we give up our responsibility to think critically about what the person is saying

Front 54

6 Forms of nonlistening

Back 54

1. Pseudolistening

2. Monopolizing

3. Selective listening

4. Defensive listening

5. Ambushing

6. Literal listening

Front 55

Pseudolistening

Back 55

Pretending to listen

Front 56

Monopolizing

Back 56

Continuously focusing communication on ourselves instead of listening to the person who is talking: 2 forms

Front 57

2 Forms of Monopolizing Comm

Back 57

1. Conversational rerouting

2. Interrupting to divert attention from the speaker to ourselves or to topics that interest us

Front 58

Selective Listening

Back 58

Focusing only on particular parts of communication

Front 59

Defensive Listening

Back 59

Perceiving personal attacks, criticism or hostility in comm that is not critical or mean-spirited

Front 60

Ambushing

Back 60

Listening carefully for the purpose of attacking speaker

Front 61

Literal Listening

Back 61

Listening only for content and ignoring relationship-level meaning

Front 62

Reasons for listening (3)

Back 62

1. Pleasure

2. Information

3. Support others

Front 63

Listening for pleasure

Back 63

Listening for enjoyment, doesn't require us to remember or respond, but we should control distractions and be mindful to fully enjoy ourselves

Front 64

Listening for information and 5 tips

Back 64

Goal is to gain and evaluate information

1. Be mindful

2. Control obstacles

3. Ask questions

4. Use aids to recall (mnemonic devices)

5. Organize information

Front 65

Listening to support others and 4 tips

Back 65

When we listen to a friend's worries, help coworker solve a problem, and discuss our relationship with a romantic partner

1. Be mindful

2. Be careful of expressing judgements

3. Understand the other person's perspective

4. Express support (don't need to agree)

Front 66

Paraphrasing

Back 66

Method of clarifying others' needs and meanings by reflecting our interpretation of their comm back to them

Front 67

Minimal encouragers

Back 67

Gently inviting others to elaborate by expressing interest in hearing more: "Tell me more" "Then what happened" includes nonverbals: widened eyes, head nod

Front 68

3 Ways social media relates to listening

Back 68

1. Some online comm requires listening (facetime)

2. Increasing engagement on social media can be an obstacle to listening

3. Exercise critical thinking while communicating online (What qualifies this person to have an informed stance on this issue?)

Front 69

3 Guidelines for Effective Listening

Back 69

1. Be mindful

2. Adapt listening appropriately

3. Listen actively

Front 70

Hearing

Back 70

Physiological activity that occurs when sound waves hit our eardrums

Front 71

Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

Back 71

Ability to recognize feelings and to judge which feelings are appropriate in which situations and to communicate those feelings effectively

Front 72

EQ Qualities (8)

Back 72

1. Being aware of your feelings

2. Dealing with emotions without being overcome with them

3. Not letting setbacks and disappointments derail you

4. Channeling your feelings to assist you in achieving your goals

5. Being able to understand how others feel without them spelling it out

6. Listening to your feelings and those of others so you can learn from them

7. Recognizing social norms for expressing emotions

8. Strong, yet realistic, sense of optimism

Front 73

Two kinds of emotions

Back 73

Biological/instinctual/universal and learned

Front 74

Emotions

Back 74

Our experience and interpretation of internal sensations as they are shaped by physiology, perceptions, language and social experiences

Front 75

Organismic view of emotions

Back 75

"We experience emotion when external stimuli cause physiological changes in us"

Stimulus>physiological response>emotion

Front 76

Perceptual view of emotions (appraisal theory)

Back 76

Subjective perceptions shape what external phenomena mean to us

External event>Perception of event>Interpreted emotion>Response

Front 77

Cognitive labeling view of emotions

Back 77

External event>Physiological response>Label for response>Emotion

Front 78

Emotional Communities

Back 78

Groups in which we belong and learn to understand and express emotion

Front 79

Interactive View of Emotions

Back 79

Proposes that cultural rules and understandings shape what people feel and how they do or don't express their feelings

Front 80

Three culturally influenced concepts

Back 80

Framing rules, feeling rules, emotion work

Front 81

Framing rules

Back 81

(Take a picture of your first funeral, put frame around picture, put frame on all future funerals- those are your framing rules for funerals)

Define the emotional meaning of situations

Front 82

Feeling rules

Back 82

What we have a right to feel or what we are expected to feel in particular situations

Front 83

Deep acting

Back 83

Feeling grateful when getting a gift, even if they don't like it

Front 84

Surface acting

Back 84

Controlling the outward expression of emotions rather than controlling feelings (pretending to be grateful for a gift when they don't like it)

Front 85

Emotion work

Back 85

The effort to generate what we think are appropriate feelings in particular situations

Process of trying to shape how we feel-not always successful

Front 86

4 Reasons we may not express emotions

Back 86

1. Cultural and Social Expectations (gender)

2. Self-Protection

3. Protecting Others (don't want to lose face)

4. Social and Professional Roles

Front 87

Chilling effect

Back 87

When we have relationships with someone whom we perceive as more powerful than us and we suppress complaints and feelings of dissatisfaction out of fear of punishment

Front 88

3 Ineffective expressions of emotion

Back 88

1. Speaking in generalities

2. Not owning feelings

3. Counterfeit emotional language

Front 89

6 Guidelines for communicating emotions effectively

Back 89

1. Identify your emotions

2. Choose whether and how to express emotions

3. Own your feelings

4. Monitor your self-talk

5. Adopt a rational-emotive approach to feelings

6. Respond sensitively when others comm emotions

Front 90

Rational-Emotive Approach

Back 90

Using rational thinking and self-talk to challenge the debilitating thoughts about emotions that undermine healthy self-concepts and relationships

Front 91

Communication climate

Back 91

Overall feeling or emotional mood between people that is shaped by verbal and nonverbal interaction between people and their history

Front 92

Four Features of Satisfying Relationships

Back 92

1. Investment

2. Commitment

3. Trust

4. Comfort

Front 93

Investment

Back 93

What we put into relationships that we could not retrieve if the relationship were to end

Front 94

Commitment

Back 94

DECISION to remain in a relationship

Not a feeling

Front 95

Trust

Back 95

Believing in another's reliability and another's effort to look out for our welfare and our relationship

Front 96

Relational Dialects

Back 96

Opposing forces or tensions that are continuous and normal in personal relationships

Front 97

3 Relational Dialects

Back 97

1. Autonomy/connection

2. Novelty/predictability

3. Openness/closeness

Front 98

4 Ways to negotiate dialectical tensions

Back 98

1. Neutralization

2. Selection

3. Separation

4. Reframing

Front 99

Neutralization

Back 99

To negotiate dialectical tension: balance, each need is met to an extent, but neither is fully satisfied

Front 100

Selection

Back 100

To negotiate dialectical tension: Give priority to one need, and neglect the other, includes cycling through (Least effective and least satisfying negotiation)

Front 101

Separation

Back 101

To negotiate dialectical tension: Assign one need to certain spheres of interaction

Front 102

Reframing

Back 102

To negotiate dialectical tension: Partners redefine contradictory needs as not in opposition

Front 103

Essence of confirmation

Back 103

Feeling known and validated as an individual (using a person's name is the most basic way of confirming someone)

Front 104

Confirming and disconfirming

Back 104

On a continuum

Front 105

Magic Ratio

Back 105

5 to 1

Five pleasant interactions and one unpleasant

Front 106

3 Levels of Confirmation and Disconfirmation

Back 106

1. Recognition

2. Acknowledgement

3. Endorsement

Front 107

Recognition

Back 107

Recognizing that another person exists

Front 108

Acknowledgement

Back 108

Verbal and nonverbal acknowledgement of what another person feels, thinks or says

Front 109

Endorsement

Back 109

Accepting another's feelings or thoughts

Not always possible to be honest and endorse

Disconfirmation is not disagreeing

Disagreements can be productive and healthy

Front 110

6 types of comm that promote disconfirming climates and 6 types that promote confirming climates

Back 110

disconfirming/confirming:

Evaluation/Description

Certainty/Provisionalism

Strategy/Spontaneity

Control/Problem orientation

Neutrality/Empathy

Superiority/Equality

Front 111

Certainty vs. Provisionalism

Back 111

Absolute language vs. openness to other POVs

Front 112

Ethnocentrism

Back 112

Assumption that our culture and its norms are the only right ones

Front 113

Strategy vs. Spontaneity

Back 113

"Remember when I did this for you?" vs. "Would you help me?"

Front 114

Control vs. Problem Oriented

Back 114

Imposing view on others vs. finding a solution that works for all

Front 115

Social Media and Climate

Back 115

Difficult to tell climate online, very little security

Front 116

5 Guidelines for Creating and Sustaining Confirming Climates

Back 116

1. Actively use comm to build confirming climates

2. Accept and confirm others

3. Affirm and assert yourself

4. Respect diversity in relationships (ask for clarification)

5. Respond constructively to criticism

Front 117

Assertion

Back 117

Clearly and nonjudgmentally stating what you feel, need or want