Psychopharmacology Exam 2

Front 1

meaning observed in the living organism

Back 1

in vivo

Front 2

refers to measurements performed outside the living body (traditionally in a test tube)

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in vitro

Front 3

allow scientists to evaluate the relationship between an experimental manipulation such as a lesion or drug administration and changes in behavior

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behavioral psychology

Front 4

why are behavioral measures crucial? (3)

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understanding the neurochemical basis of behavior, as well as drug-induced changes in that behavior; developing animal models of psychiatric disorders; screening the large number of newly designed and synthesized drug molecules in preclinical pharmaceutical settings

Front 5

three parts of the health extension act of 1985:

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the research should be relevant to human or animal health, advancement of knowledge, or the good of society; alternative methods such as computer simulations that do not require animal subjects must be considered; procedures must avoid or minimize discomfort, distress, and pain

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term used to describe the relationship between a testing procedure done on animals and its direct correlation to human test results or behavior

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face validity

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connection between two events that appear related, but cannot be assumed to be cause and effect

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correlational relationship

Front 8

a measure of how closely the results from animal tsets predict clnically useful effects in humans

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predictive validity

Front 9

the extent to which the animal measurement tool actually measures the characterisitcs being investigated

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construct validity

Front 10

to be optimal, an animal behavioral test, in addition to having predictive validity, should also do the following: (3)

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be speciic for the class of drug being screened; be sensitive so that the doses use are in a normal therapeutic range and show a dose-response relationship; demonstrate the same rank order of potency in the snimal test as the order of potency of teh therapeutic action of the drugs

Front 11

ranking drugs according to the dose that is effective

Back 11

rank order of potency

Front 12

meaning that the same results will be recorded each time the test is used

Back 12

reliability

Front 13

state characterized by a lack of spontaneous movement. usually associated with D2 receptor blockers, but can also be induced with D1 blocker

Back 13

catalepsy

Front 14

involves placing the animal in a prescribed area that is divided into squares so the investigator can record the number of squares traversed in a unit time

Back 14

open field test

Front 15

a soundproof box with a grid floor that can be electrified for shock delivery, a food or water dispenser for rewards, lights or loudspeaker for stimulus cue presentation, and levers that the animal cna press

Back 15

skinner box

Front 16

predertmined schedule used to determine when an animal will be rewarded for performing a specific behavior

Back 16

schedule of reinforcement

Front 17

referse to rewards given after a set number of responses

Back 17

fixed ratio

Front 18

refers to rewards given to the first response that occurs after a set amount of time has elapsed

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fixed interval schedule

Front 19

the reduction of perceived pain without loss of consciousness

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analgesia

Front 20

where heat produced by a beam of light is focused on a portion of a rats tail. the latency between onset of teh stimulus and the animals;s removal of its tail from the beam

Back 20

tail-flick test

Front 21

where an animal is trained to turn off an unpleasant foot shock by pressing the lever

Back 21

operant analgesia testing

Front 22

a maze that has a central start box and a number of arms or alleys radiating from the center. goal areas containng fod are at the end of each arm

Back 22

radial arm maze

Front 23

a start box at the beginning of an alley with one choice ponts that lead to the other final goal box which contains a small piece of food or another reward

Back 23

T maze

Front 24

spatial learning test that uses a large circular pool of water that has been made opaque by teh addition of milk or a dye. the animals are placed in the pool must swim until they find the escape platform that is hedden from view just below the surface of the water. subject demonstrates that is has leaned the spatial location of the submerged platformby navigating from different starting positions to the platform

Back 24

morris water maze

Front 25

assesses the type of memory often impaired by damage to the preforntal cortex in humans

Back 25

delayed response test

Front 26

evaluates working emory by imposing a delay between stimulus presentation and testing

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delayed response test

Front 27

test used to determine a rodent's level of anxiety by placing it in a two compartment box, one side lit and the other side dark. fewr crossings and less time spent in the lighted side indicate anxiety

Back 27

light-dark crossing task

Front 28

technique used to measure locomotor actiity and exploratry behavior by placing the animal on a grid and recording the number of squares traversed in a unit of time

Back 28

open field test

Front 29

maze type that involves a cross-shaped maze that has two open arms, two enclosed arms, and has been raised 50 cm off teh floor. it is used to test a rodents level of anxiety

Back 29

elevated plus maze

Front 30

test used to measure the level of anxiety in rodents by recoding the time spent investigating other animals

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social interaction test

Front 31

when animals are presented their usual food in a a new potentially treatening enviornment or conversly are provided food in their usual environment. in either case, the novelty prolongs the latency to begin eating

Back 31

novelty supressed feeding paradigm

Front 32

technique used to measure anxiety in rodents by recording their propensity to lick a drinking spout that will also deliver a mild eletric shock, also called a vogel test

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water-lick suppression test

Front 33

method that creats a dilemma for an animal by giving it the choice of selscting a reward that is accompanied by a negaive stimulus.

Back 33

conflict procedure

Front 34

an operant procedure involving alternate periods of lever pressing for reinforcement and lever pressing for reinforcement accompanied by foot sock; a classic method to screen antianxiety drugs

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geller-seifter conflict test

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operant tests like the geller-seifter test ahve tow major disadvantages:

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time consuming; behavior is artificially contrived

Front 36

predicts abuse liability of psychoactive drugs. pressing the liver according to a predetermined schedule of reinforcement triggers drug delivery into a veiwn of into discrete brain areas

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the drug self administration method

Front 37

earned response to a neutral stimulus given just prior to a negative stimulus in an effort to creat a fear association to the neutral stimulus

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conditioned emotional response

Front 38

enhancement of a startle response when a stimulus is preceded by the presentation of a conditioned fear stimulus

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fear-potentiated startle

Front 39

the point at which the effort required exceeds the reinforcing value

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breaking point

Front 40

a procedure whereby an animal self-administers a weak electrical shock to a specific brain area due to the reinforceing properties of the stimulation

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electrical self-stimulation

Front 41

pavlovian conditioing procedure used to test the rewarding effects of drugs in rats and mice

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place conditioning

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method used to determine the rewarding effects of a drug by allowing an animal to associate the drug with a specific environment and measuring its subsequent preference for that enviornment

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conditioned place preference

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any stimulus that signals reinforcement for a subject in an operant task

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discriminative stimulus

Front 44

a commonly employed procedure use to measure impulsivity; Test used to evaluate impulsivity (e.g., lack of behavior control). It requires the subject (human or otherwise) to rapidly press one button or lever when a square is displayed, and the other button or lever when any other shape appears. Periodically, a tone, which is the “stop” signal, is sounded following the visual presentation. The tone indicates that the subject should withhold responding.

Back 44

stop-signal task

Front 45

advantages to animal testing (3)

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subject with similar genetics, can maintain hgihtly controlled living enviornments, able to use invasive techniques

Front 46

__ act as discriminative stimuli in operant tasks

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drug effects

Front 47

process whereby brain cells are destroyed using an electrode to administer a high radio frequency current, or by injecting a neurotoxin that kills cels

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lesioning

Front 48

a chemical that is damaging to nerve cells

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neurotoxin

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chemical that damages a specific neural pathway leaving others intact

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specific neurotoxin

Front 50

technique used to measure neurtransmitter release in teh brain of an awake, freely moving animal by collecting samples of extracellular fluid and then analyzing the samples biochemcially using sensitive methods suchas HPLC

Back 50

microdialysis

Front 51

technique used to measure neurotransmitter release in teh brian of an awake, freely moving animal by using an microelectrode to measure electrochemical responses to an applied electrical signal

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in vivo voltammetry

Front 52

device used to electrically stimulate deep brain regions whle monitoring behavior or recoding the sumated electrical resopnse of thousands of neurons

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macroelectrode

Front 53

method of taking measurements of cell firing by inserting a fine-tipped electrode into the cell

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intracellular recording

Front 54

method of taking measurements of cell firing by inserting a fine-tipped electrode into the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell

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extracellular recording

Front 55

technique used to measure the function of a single ion channel by using a micropipette to isolate the ion channel and obtain an electrical recording

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patch clamp electrophysiology

Front 56

technique used to measure the affinity and relative density of receptors in a particular brain area by using a radioactively labeled ligand for the receptor

Back 56

radioligand binding

Front 57

what are the four ways to be sure that teh radioligand is actually binding to the specific biological receptors of interest

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specificity; saturability; reversibility and high affinity; biological relevance

Front 58

means that there are a finite number of receptors in a given amount of tissue

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saturability

Front 59

process used to detect the amount and location of bound radioligand by using a specialized film to createan image of where the radioligand is located within a tissue slice

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autoradiography

Front 60

a protein produced by white blood cells of teh immune system to recognize, attack, and destroy a specific foriegn substance

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antibody

Front 61

technique that uses antibodies to determine the brain areas or neurons that contain a specific antigen such as a protein, neuropeptide, or neurotransmitter

Back 61

immunocytochemistry

Front 62

a very sensitive method that sues antibodies to measure molecules in vody fluids or tissue extracts. the essay depends on competitive binding of an antibody to the antigen of interest

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radioimmunoassay

Front 63

technique used to locate cells that manufacture a specific protein or peptide by detecting the specific mRNA sequence coding for that substance. it can also be used to study changes in regional mRNA levels

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in situ hybridization

Front 64

based on teh assumption that when nerve cell firing incresases, the metabolic rate, that is the utilization of glucose and xygen, also increases

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2-deoxyglucose autoradiography

Front 65

X-ray based technique that provides computer-generated "slices" through the brain or body part that can be computer reconstructed int oa 3D image

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computerized tomography (CT)

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technique used to visualize in high resolution, detailed slices through the brain or other organ by taking computerized measruements of the signals emitted by atoms in teh tissue as they are exposed to a strong magetic field.

Back 66

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Front 67

imaging technique used to determine the distribution of a radioactively labeld substance in teh body. it can be used to masure drug binding to neurotransmitter receptors or transporters in eh brain as well as measuring changes in metabolic activity reflecting neuron function

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positron emission tomography (PET)

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imaging technique used to view changes in regional blood flow or drug binding by using radioactively labeled compounds injected or inhaled into the body

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single-photon emmission computerized tomography (SPECT)

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technique used to regionally visualize brain acivity by detecting the increase in blood oxygen levels through magnetic resonance measurements of oxygenated and oxygen-depleated hemoglobin

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functional MRI (fMRI)

Front 70

a spin-off of functional MRI, a technique used in drug dvelopment to investigate the mechanism of drug action by visualizing changes in brain function following drug adminstration

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pharmacological MRI

Front 71

technique used to measrue brain activity by using electrodes taped on teh scalp to obtain electircal recordings in humans

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electroencephalography (EEG)

Front 72

electrical changes in neuron activiey in response to a sensroy stimulus

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event-related potentials

Front 73

mice that are homozygous for the targeted deletion of a specific gene. they are used to study the normal function of that gene as well as the involvement of teh gene in behavioral and physiological resopnse to various psychoactive drugs

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knockout mice

Front 74

mice that have a specific gene inserted into their DNA, so they produce a slightly diffrerent protein than is produced in wild-type mice

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knockin mice

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mice bred to replace one gene with another (e.g. a normal gene witha mutant version of that gene) theya re used to study genetic disorders

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transgenic mice

Front 76

a nucleotide that binds to a particular mRNA sequence, delaying translation and increasing mRNA degradation. used to create reversible supression of gene expression

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antisense nucleotide

Front 77

a horizontally oriented cylinder that is mechanically rotated at set speeds

Back 77

rotarod

Front 78

What are the two most common ways of nicotine absorption?

Back 78

inhalation and through membranes of the mouth (sublabial, sublingual

Front 79

which type of blood has higher conentrations of nicotine? why?

Back 79

arterial, oxygenated blood going to the organs

Front 80

what liver enzyme converts nicotine to cotinine?

Back 80

cytochrome p450 2A6

Front 81

are higher or lower levels of cytochrome p450 2A6 associated with decreased nicotine use?

Back 81

lower

Front 82

What receptor is used by nicotine?

Back 82

nicotininic acetylchonie

Front 83

Why is the first cigarette of the day the best?

Back 83

because neurons resynsitize after rest

Front 84

what are the three ways nicotine function as a reinforcer?

Back 84

primary reinforcer, potentiation of other rewarding stimulu, a conditioned stimulus paired with other rewarding stimuli

Front 85

Transcription factor that rises rapidly within cells and increased neural activity.

Back 85

c-fos

Front 86

Method used to produce large numbers of genetically identical cells.

Back 86

cloning

Front 87

Learned response to a neutral stimulus given just prior to a negative stimulus (e.g., an electric shock) in an effort to create a fear association to the neutral stimulus.

Back 87

conditioned emotional response

Front 88

High-frequency rodent calls typically emitted by juveniles as when separated from their mothers, indicating distress.

Back 88

ultrasonic vocalizations

Front 89

__ is the most commonly used illicit drug

Back 89

marijuana

Front 90

what is the age of most illicit drug use?

Back 90

18-20

Front 91

what are 4 factors that increased drug use in the US?

Back 91

temperance movement, advnaces in purification, increasing availability of purified drugs (hypodermic syringe, medicalization of drug addiction

Front 92

1906, regulated labeling of patient medicines and created the FDA

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pure food and frug act

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1914, regulated dispensing of use of opiod drugs and cocinae

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harrison act

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1920, banned alcohol sales except for medicinal use (repealed in 1933)

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eighteenth consitutional amendment (prohibition)

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1937, banned nonmedical us of cannabis (overturned by U.S.Supremem court in 1969)

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marijuana tax act

Front 96

1970, established the schedule of controlled substances and created the DEA

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controlled substances act

Front 97

strong urge addicts feel, compelling them to take a drug

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craving

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long periods time in which an addict is drug free

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remissions

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periods of time in which drug use recurs despite negative consequences

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relapses

Front 100

a behavioral pattern of drug use, characterized by overwhelming involvement with the use of a drug, the securing of its supply, and the high tnedecny to relapse after withdrawal

Back 100

addiction

Front 101

disorder involving excessive and harmful drug use by an individual, corresponding to addiction

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substance dependence

Front 102

new DSM-5 designation for a psychiatic disorder with features typically associated with addiction. This designation replaces both substance ab use and substance dependence categories in the DSM IV

Back 102

substance use disorder

Front 103

diroder ivliving teh overuse of a drug by an individual. it may or may not lead to substance dependence

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substance abuse

Front 104

what are the two types of progession in drug use?

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gateway theory, cyclical theory

Front 105

theory proposing that use of certain drugs of abuse, particualrly during childhood or adolescence increases the risk of progressing to other substances.

Back 105

gateway theory

Front 106

the cyclical theory of drug use says that an addict goes through these three stages

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1. periods of preoccupation with drugs and anticipation of upcoming use; 2. periods of drug intoxication that, in some cases, are associated with "binging" on the drug 3. periods ofollowing durgs use that are characterized by withdrawal symptoms and negative affect

Front 107

scheule of controlled substances: substances that have no accepted medical use in the US and have a high abuse potential (heroin, LSD, mescaline, marijuana, THC, MDMDA

Back 107

I

Front 108

scheule of controlled substances: substances that have a high abuse potential with severe psychic or physical dependence liability (opium, morphine, meperidine, cocain, amphetamine, ritalin, PCP)

Back 108

II

Front 109

scheule of controlled substances: usbstances that have an abuse potential less than those in schedules II andII, including compounds contaiing limited quantities of certain narcotics and nonnarcotic drugs (paregoric, barbiturates)

Back 109

II

Front 110

substances that have an abuse pontential less that those in schedule III (phenobarbital, chloral hydrate, valium, xanax

Back 110

IV

Front 111

substances that have an abuse potent less than those in schedule IV, consisting of preparations containing limited amounts of certain narcotic drugs generally for antitussive and antidiarrheal purposes

Back 111

V

Front 112

something that when provided to an organism, incresases the strength of the resopnse that was used to obtain the item.

Back 112

positive reinforcers

Front 113

how is postivie reinforcing quality of a drug usually measured?

Back 113

self-administration procedure

Front 114

a positively motivating subjective response to a drug, often experienced by humans as a euphoric feeling or "high"

Back 114

drug reward

Front 115

method used to measure the relative power of drug reinforcement by steadily increasing the response to reward ratio

Back 115

positive ratio procedure

Front 116

the point at chich an animal will no longer expend the effort required to recieve the reward

Back 116

breaking point

Front 117

delivery of a small dose of a drug by teh experimenter for teh purpose of eliciting drug seeking behavior typicially in an animal whose drug self administration responding was previously extinguished

Back 117

drug priming

Front 118

pavlovian conditioning procedure used to test the rewarding effects of drugs in rats and mice

Back 118

place conditioning

Front 119

a procedure whereby an animal self administers a weak electrical shock to a specific brain area due to the reinforcing properties of the stimulation

Back 119

electrical self stimulation

Front 120

condition characterized by unpleasant symptoms when an indivudal tries to cease drug use

Back 120

abstinence syndrome

Front 121

process whereby an indivudal eliminates a drug from the body and goes through an abstinence syndrome

Back 121

drug detoxification

Front 122

addiction is a __ disorder

Back 122

heritable

Front 123

diagnosis of simulatneous but distinct disease processes in an individual such as the porpensity for drug abusers to be diagnosed with other psychiatric problems

Back 123

comorbidity

Front 124

theory that addicton is based on an effort by the individual to treat oneself for mood or other ill feelings

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self-medication hypothesis

Front 125

situation in which multiply disorders are cuased by the same set of factors

Back 125

shared etiology

Front 126

three different personality related pathways to addiction

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1. behavioral disinhibition; 2. stress reduction; 3. reward sensitivity

Front 127

recovery from drug addiction without the aid of treatment

Back 127

natural recovery

Front 128

model of addiction that attempts to give a full account of addiction by incorporating biological, psychological, and sociological factors

Back 128

biopsychosocial model

Front 129

circuit of neurons that, when activated, mediates the rewarding effects of both natural rewards and drugs of abuse

Back 129

reward circuit

Front 130

changes in the brain functioning that attempt to compensate for the effects of repeated substance use

Back 130

neuroadaptation

Front 131

take place within the reward circuit and constitute a progressive down regulation of activity in this cirucit

Back 131

within system neuroadaptations

Front 132

involve the gradual recruitment of a neural circuit

Back 132

between system neuroadaptations

Front 133

neural system that is thought to be engaged during the transition from impulsive to compulsive drug use. this sytem is an important contributor to the negative mood state induced by withdrawal from abused drugs

Back 133

anti-reward system

Front 134

model of addiction in which the initial positive response to a drug is followed by an opposing withdrawl response as the drug wears off

Back 134

opponent-process model

Front 135

adaptive biological process in which an organisms response to repeated threats or challenges results in long lasting physiological or behavioral changes. this concept is distinguished from homeostasis, which referes to the tendecny of an organism to maintain physiolocal or behavioral stability in the face of threats or challeneges

Back 135

allostasis

Front 136

member of the Fos family of transcriptoin facts. this protein accumulates in some brain areas after repeated exopsure to various drugs of abuse and is hypothesized to contribute to the edevelopment of an addicted state

Back 136

delta fosb

Front 137

collection of higher order cognitive abilities including planning organization, probelm sovling, mental flexibility, and valuation of incentive.

Back 137

executive function

Front 138

plays an important role in executive function

Back 138

prefrontal cortex

Front 139

theory of addiction that emphasizes prefontal cortical deficits leading to difficulty in refraiing from durg use and the development of an abnoraml psychologiacl state in which drugs have much greater motivational power than normal reinforcers

Back 139

impaired response inhibition and salience attribution (IRISA)

Front 140

model of addiction that treats addictiona s a distinct medical disorder or disease

Back 140

disease model

Front 141

moedl of addiction that treates addiction as a personal and moral problem

Back 141

moral model

Front 142

the amount of alcohol in a given unit of blood, usually given as a percent representing milligrams of alcohol per 100 mililiters of blood

Back 142

blood alcohol concentration

Front 143

certain enzymes in gastirc fluid are about 60% more active in __ than __ in the absorption of alcohol

Back 143

men, women

Front 144

95% of alcohol is metabolized by the __ and 5% is metabolized by the __

Back 144

liver, lungs

Front 145

the average rate of alcohol absorption

Back 145

1-1.5 ounces per hour

Front 146

enzyme in the liver and stomach that oxidizes alcohol into the acetaldehyde

Back 146

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADLH)

Front 147

about 10% of __ have genes that code only for an inactive form of the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)

Back 147

asians

Front 148

the enzyme in the cytocrome p450 family responsible for metabolizing alcohol

Back 148

CYP 2E1

Front 149

the cytochrome p450 enzyme CTP 2E1 that metabolizes ethanol and many other drugs

Back 149

microsomal ethanol exidizing system (MEOS)

Front 150

1. increase in liver enzymes specific for drug metabolism in respone to repeated drug use. 2. process that establishes psychostimulant sentiziation by activating glutamate NMDA receptors in some cases D1 receptors

Back 150

induction

Front 151

tolerance that occurs with a single exposure to alcohol

Back 151

acute tolerance

Front 152

significantly increasese the P450 liver microsomal enzymes that metabolize the drug, more rapid metabolism menas blood levels of the drug may be reduced

Back 152

chronic tolerance

Front 153

when neurons adapt to the continued presence of alcohol by making compensatory changes in cell functions in reponse to alcohol

Back 153

pharmacodynamic tolerance

Front 154

the adjustment of behaviors when allowed to practice while under the influence of alcohol

Back 154

behavioral tolerance

Front 155

alcohol has a cross-dependence with __

Back 155

sedative-hypnotic class

Front 156

severe effects of alcohol withdrawal characterized by irrativilty, headaches, agitation, hallucinations, and confusion

Back 156

delirium tremens

Front 157

amnesia directly associated with heavy alcohol consumption

Back 157

blackout

Front 158

term used to describe teh anticipated effect of a drug and its role in drug action or perceived drug action

Back 158

expectancy

Front 159

BAC level: minimal effects; slight relaxation, mild mood elevation

Back 159

.02-.03

Front 160

BAC level: decreased alertness, relaxed inhibitions, mildly impaired judgement

Back 160

.05-.06

Front 161

BAC level: loss of motor coordination, slower reaction times, less caution

Back 161

.08-.10

Front 162

BAC level: major impariment of mental and physical control, slurred speech, exaggerated emotions, blurred vision, serious loss of judgment, large increases in reaction time

Back 162

.14-.16

Front 163

BAC level: staggering, inability to walk or dress without help, tears or rage with little provocation, mental confusion, double vision

Back 163

.2-.25

Front 164

BAC level: conscious but in a stupor, unaware of surroundings

Back 164

.3

Front 165

coma, lethal for 50% of population

Back 165

.45

Front 166

toxic effects associated with the ingestion of excess alcohol, characterized by unconsciousness vomitting, irregular breathing, and cold, clammy skin

Back 166

alcohol poisoning

Front 167

symptom of thiamine deficiency characterized by confusion, disorientation, tremors, poor coordination, ataxia, and in later stages, short-term memory loss

Back 167

wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

Front 168

alcohol increases the size of __

Back 168

ventricles

Front 169

alcohol __ sexual performance, but __ sexual expectation __

Back 169

decreases, increases

Front 170

damaging effect of alcohol characterize by the accumulation of triglycerides inside liver cells

Back 170

fatty liver

Front 171

condition seen in chronic alcohol abusers caused by accumulation of acetaldehyde in the liver and characterized by inflammation of the liver, fever, jaundice, and pain

Back 171

alcoholic hepatitis

Front 172

condition seen in chronic alcohol abusers caused by accumulation of acetaldehyde in the liver that kills cells, stimulates scar tissue formation, and promotes cell death as scar tissue cuts off blood supplies

Back 172

alcoholic cirrhosis

Front 173

the damaging developmental effects of prenatal alcohol exposure

Back 173

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Front 174

4 signs and sympotms of FAS

Back 174

mental retardation, low birthweight, neurological problems, distictive craniofacial malformations

Front 175

3 reasons that animal models are vital for alcohol research

Back 175

animals are maintained and controlled, can use methods not appropriate for humans, genetic manipulatoins are possible

Front 176

actions of neurotransmitters that depend on its abilityto move into membranes, changing the fluid character of the lipids that make up the membrane

Back 176

nonspecific actionsprobably responsible for most of the acute effects of ethanol in intoxicationg doses

Front 177

specific neurtransmitter actions (alcohol acutely inhibits __ neurotransmission by reducing the effectiveness of the neurotransmitter at teh __ receptor

Back 177

glutamate; NMDA

Front 178

in teh adult brain, repeated us of alcohol leads to a neuroadaptive increase in teh number of __ receptors in response to reduced glutamate activity

Back 178

NMDA

Front 179

alcohol acutely enhances __ induced Cl- influx to hyperpolarize neurons

Back 179

GABA

Front 180

alcohol consumption clearly increases __

Back 180

mesolimbic firing

Front 181

a form of substance abuse characterized by compulsive alcohol seeking and use despite damaging social and health effects

Back 181

alcoholism

Front 182

consumption of five or more alcoholic drinks within a 2 hour period

Back 182

binge drinking

Front 183

constitutes biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences contribute to the development or alcohol abuse

Back 183

three factor vulnerability model of alcoholism

Front 184

kind of alcoholic that begin drinking later in life and experience guilt and fear about their alcoholism. these rarely have trouble with the law or display anisocial activities. amny drink to escape stress or unpleasant situations in their environement

Back 184

type I

Front 185

kind of alcoholic that are almost always male and display thrill seeking antisocial and perhaps criminal activities.

Back 185

type II

Front 186

method used to locate genes resonsible for a disorder such as alcoholism or schizophrenia by comparring similarities in the genetic loci of families with affected members

Back 186

linkage study

Front 187

technique used to identify genes associated with a disorder by comparing the genes of unrelated affected and unaffected people to determine if those who are affected and unaffected people to determine if those who are affected are more likely to possess a particular allele

Back 187

case-control method

Front 188

characteristic of alcoholics who insist that alcohol is not the source of their problems

Back 188

denial

Front 189

friends and fmaily members who assist an alcoholic, allowing the individual to continue to function in society without getting treatment

Back 189

enablers

Front 190

procedure used to treat addicted individuals in which the drug is stopped and withdrwawal symptoms are treated until the abstinence syndrome has ended

Back 190

detoxification

Front 191

counseling programs that involve educating the user, promoting behavioral change and alleviating problems caused by drug use

Back 191

psychosocial treatment programs

Front 192

method of disease treatment that uses drugs to modify a clinical condition

Back 192

pharmacotherapeutic treatment

Front 193

a drug used to treat alcohoism by causing the buidup of toxic metaboiltes producing illness after alcohol intoxication

Back 193

disulfiram (antabuse)

Front 194

a mu receptor antagonist that reduces consumption and craving ins ome alcoholic individuals, perhaps by reducing the positive feeling caused by alcohol

Back 194

naltrexone

Front 195

a dual k/mu opioid antagonist effective in reducing lever pressing for alcohol in rodent studies, particualrly in alcohol dependent animals

Back 195

nalmefene

Front 196

a selective k-opioid antagonist. because it reduces the self administration of alcohol only in animals dependent on alcohol, a role for the k receptor in alcohol abuse is suspected

Back 196

nor-binaltophimine

Front 197

partial antagonist at NMDA receptors used for the treatment of alcoholism

Back 197

acamprosate

Front 198

a drug that binds to CRF1 receptors and produces little or no conformational change. in the presence of a CRF agonist, the agonist effect is reduced

Back 198

CRF1 antagonist

Front 199

the large leaf variety of tobacco; the principal source of modern day tobacco

Back 199

nicotiana tabacum

Front 200

the small leaf variety of tobacco that is native to eastern north america and the islands of the west indies

Back 200

nicotiana rustica

Front 201

principal product of nicotine metabolism by the liver

Back 201

cotinine

Front 202

specific type of cytochrome P450 that metabolizes nicotine into cotinine

Back 202

cytochrome P450 2A6

Front 203

mixture of hydrocarbons cretaed by the vaporization of nicotine in tobacco. it is the major component of cigarette smoke

Back 203

tar

Front 204

family of ionotropic rectors that are activated by ACh and selectvely stimulated by nicotine.

Back 204

nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChR's)

Front 205

device placed just under the skin of an animal that allows a drug to be administered continuously over a set period of time

Back 205

osmotic minipump

Front 206

__ has been found to improve performance on various cognitive task especially sustained attention and working memory

Back 206

nicotine

Front 207

theory that smoking is maintaind due to positive effects of nicotine such as incresaed concentration and greater mood control

Back 207

nicotine resource model

Front 208

theory that smoking is maintained by mood enhancement and increased conentration that occur when nicotine withdrawal symptoms are alleviated

Back 208

deprivation reversal theory

Front 209

disorder of the respiratory system characterize by shortness of breath, wheezing, chronic coughing, and chest tightness.

Back 209

chronic obstuctive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Front 210

what two main conditions comprise COPD?

Back 210

emphysema and bronchitis

Front 211

method to stop smoking that involves giving the smoker a safer nicotine source, thereby maintainng a level of nicotine in the body and reducing nictine withdrawal symptoms

Back 211

nicotine replacement

Front 212

__ is used as a natural insecticide

Back 212

nicotine

Front 213

what is the most efficient method of delivery for nicotine?

Back 213

inhalation

Front 214

african americans ususallly smoke __

Back 214

menthols

Front 215

who kinds of absorption for chewing tobacco

Back 215

sublabial; sublingual

Front 216

what are the two most common ways tof nicotine absorption?

Back 216

inhalation and through membranes of the mouth (sublabial/sublingual)

Front 217

which type of blood has higher cocentrations of nicotine?

Back 217

arterial (oxygenated bloodg oing to organs)

Front 218

more __ are type 1 alcoholics

Back 218

females

Front 219

Device used to electrically stimulate or record the response of a single cell intracellularly or extracellularly.

Back 219

microelectodes

Front 220

sterotaxic implantation for parkionosn in humans reduces __

Back 220

termors

Front 221

measures the same things as EEG but during a particualr task

Back 221

ERP

Front 222

used to predict alzhiemers

Back 222

EEG

Front 223

trangenic mice infused with defective genes were tested by beam walking, a rotarod, swimming performance and startle response to examine translational study of __

Back 223

huntingtons disease

Front 224

Transforming discoveries form basic neuroscience research into clinical applications

Back 224

Translational research

Front 225

Allows precise implantation of devices in specific brain areas

Back 225

Stereotaxic surgery

Front 226

How can a person develop and maintain a pattern of behavior that is so obviously destructive to his or her life?

Back 226

The paradox of addiction

Front 227

Addiction potential of a substance is influenced by its __

Back 227

route of admininstration

Front 228

When a first drug useres takes a drug, __ increases in the __

Back 228

DA, NAcc

Front 229

__% of alchohol is diffused passively thorugh the stomach

Back 229

20%

Front 230

increased level sof lthis cause flushing, nausea, headaches, and increased heart rate form alchohol

Back 230

acetaldehyde

Front 231

to visualize location of receptors on teh brain, __ is used

Back 231

autoradiography

Front 232

__ identifies cells that contain a given protein; the complementary technique __ is used to locate cells in a tissue slice that are manufacturing a particular protein by detecting the corresponding mRNA

Back 232

ICC, ISH

Front 233

Alternative form of a gene. Multiple ones of a gene differ by one or more nucleotides in the gene’s DNA sequence and may code for proteins with slightly different amino acid sequences.

Back 233

allele

Front 234

Difficulty or lack of the ability to experience pleasure. Such a state is characteristic of many depressed patients and may also occur during drug withdrawal in an addicted person.

Back 234

anhedonia

Front 235

The rewarding effects of drugs are studied using __, as well as the effects of drugs on the threshold for electrical self-stimulation of the brain

Back 235

place-conditioning procedures

Front 236

__ proposed that in the development of addiction, drug-taking behavior progresses from an impulsive stage (primary motivation for drug use is the positive reinforcing effect) to a compulsive stage (primary motivation is negative reinforcement from alleviation of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms). This shift is hypothesized to involve the recruitment of an anti-reward system in the brain.

Back 236

Koob and Le Moal

Front 237

A reward circuit mediates the acute rewarding and reinforcing effects of most abused drugs. One of the key components of this circuit is the DA pathway from the__ to the__

Back 237

VTA, NAcc

Front 238

Chronic ethanol leads to down-regulation of __receptors, making the organism more sensitive to seizure-inducing agents.

Back 238

GABAA

Front 239

Effect of heavy alcohol consumption that may be a sign of withdrawal, acute toxicity, or other negative effects on body regulation.

Back 239

hangover

Front 240

Developed need for a drug, such as alcohol or opioids, by the body as a result of prolonged drug use. Termination of drug use will lead to withdrawal symptoms (abstinence).

Back 240

physical dependence

Front 241

Decreased response to a drug as a direct result of repeated drug exposure.

Back 241

tolerance

Front 242

__are long-term smokers who smoke a few cigarettes daily on a regular basis but do not become dependent

Back 242

Chippers

Front 243

Drug that is an antagonist for nicotinic receptors.

Back 243

mecamylamine