Psychology Chapter 12, 14, 16

Front 1

emotion

Back 1

reaction to a stimulus involving subjective experience, psychological change, and expression; intense and short-lived

Front 2

reaction time

Back 2

the time it takes to respond to a situation

Front 3

bottom up route

Back 3

fast and unconscious, stimulus identification immediately triggers a reaction

Front 4

top down route

Back 4

slower and conscious, stimulus identification is followed by a full analysis before a response is triggered

Front 5

subjective experience

Back 5

emotions make us feel different; specific emotions feel categorically different to one another

Front 6

psychological change

Back 6

the sympathetic nervous system increasedheart-rate, respiration, and perspiration, while decreasing salivation and digestion (fight or flight response)

Front 7

left frontal cortex

Back 7

part of the brain that activates pleasant emotions

Front 8

right prefrontal cortex

Back 8

part of the brain that activates unpleasant emotions

Front 9

expression

Back 9

can be verbal or non-verbal

Front 10

culture

Back 10

The expression of emotion is highly influenced by ______.

Front 11

Theory of Body Reaction (James-Lange)

Back 11

Stimulus --> Body Response --> Subjective Experience

largely discredited because many emotions have identical body responses

Front 12

Theory of Central Neural Processes (Cannon-Bard)

Back 12

Stimulus --> subjective experience

Stimulus --> body response

largely discredited because the physical and psychological elements of emotion usually interaction

Front 13

Theory of Cognitive Appeal (Stanley Schachter)

Back 13

Stimulus + Body Response = interpretation --> subjective experience

largely supported, the labeling and mislabeling of emotions is very common

Front 14

evolution of emotion

Back 14

our capacity for emotion has arisen via natural selection because it has an adaptive value

Front 15

1. Motivate us to approach and avoid
2. Focus our attention
3. Facilitates memory
4. Promotes social bonding
5. Communicate our needs and intentions

Back 15

Functions of Emotion

Front 16

abnormal psychology

Back 16

the branch of psychology concerned with understanding the nature, cause, and treatment of mental disorders

Front 17

mental health

Back 17

the quality of an individual’s psychological functioning; a subjective judgement based on the consideration of numerous indicators; assessed on a continuum

Front 18

1. Distress - does this behavior (action, thought, emotion) upset the individual?

2. Disfunction - does the behavior impede personal or societal goals?

3. Irrationality - is the behavior incomprehensible?

4. Unpredictability - is the behavior unforeseeable?

5. Usualness - is the behavior rare and undesirable?

6. Violation of Standards - does the behavior break societal norms?

7. Observer Discomfort - does the behavior upset other people?

8. Danger - does the behavior put the individual or others at risk?

Back 18

Indicators Considered when Determining Mental Health

Front 19

mental disorder

Back 19

a syndrome (cluster of symptoms) that is present in an individual that involves clinically significant disturbances in behavior, emotion, or cognitive functioning

Front 20

DSM

(Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders)

Back 20

provides all the information necessary to diagnose mental disorders; organizes disorders into groups; provides a list of symptoms for each disorder (diagnostic criteria); gives a description of each disorder (prevalence, development, and course); Advantages: 1. creates common naming system 2. ensures diagnostic occurancy; Disadvantages: 1. diagnoses carry stigmas

2. labeling influence other people’s perceptions

Front 21

A. Biological Causes

1. abnormal brain structure

2. neurotransmitter imbalance

(linked with genetics or infection)

B. Psychological Causes

1. Learning (conditioning or modeling)

2. Cognitive (using maladaptive thinking)

3. Humanist (trying to please others)

4. Socio-cultural (being affected by societal conditions)

Back 21

Current Explanations of Mental Disorders

Front 22

1. Anxiety

2. Obsessive Compulsive

3. Trauma Related

4. Depressive

5. Bipolar

6. Personality

7. Schizophrenia

Back 22

Types of Disorders

Front 23

anxiety disorders

Back 23

disorders in which people experience a maladaptive stress response

Front 24

stress response

Back 24

increased heart-rate, respiration, perspiration, decreased salivation and digestion

Front 25

1. Specific Phobia

2. Generalized Anxiety

3. Panic Disorder

Back 25

Types of Anxiety Disorders

Front 26

specific phobia

Back 26

persistent and irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation

Front 27

generalized anxiety disorder

Back 27

persistent worry about a range of events or activities

Front 28

panic disorder

Back 28

recurrent, unexpected, panic attacks, and fear of future attacks; cause: misinterpretation of stress response

Front 29

panic attack

Back 29

unforeseen stress reaction that escalates in intensity

Front 30

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Back 30

recurrent thoughts and compulsive behavior; cause: obsessions produce anxiety and engaging in these obsessions reduces anxiety; disorder is diagnosed when compulsions become excessive

Front 31

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Back 31

intrusive memories, avoidance, negative mood, and reactivity; cause: exposure to a traumatic event

Front 32

Major Depressive Disorder

Back 32

intense feelings of despair and worthlessness over an extended period of time; lowered mood, lack of interest in activities, reduce in energy

Front 33

Bipolar Disorder

Back 33

isolated manic episodes that alternate with periods of depression

Front 34

mania

Back 34

elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased self-esteem, flights of idea

Front 35

Personality Disorders

Back 35

long standing, maladaptive patterns of thinking, perceiving, or behaving

Front 36

1. Odd Personality

2. Dramatic Personality

3. Anxious Personality

Back 36

3 Categories of Personality Disorders

Front 37

A. Paranoid - suspicion and mistrust (learned)

B. Schizoid - detachment and limited emotion (learned)

C Schizotypal - reduced capacity for (and discomfort with) relationships, cognitive distortion, and eccentrics in behavior (Neuropsychological cause)

Back 37

Types of Odd Personality Disorders

Front 38

A. Borderline - unstable self-image, unstable mood, and impulsive harmful behavior (severely insecure)

B. Histrionic - extremely emotional with excessive attention seeking (fear of abandonment)

C. Narcissistic - grandiose self-importance (defense mechanism)

D. Antisocial - disregard of others, reckless and lack of remorse (reduced amygdala - frontal cortex connectivity)

Back 38

Types of Dramatic Personality Disorders

Front 39

A. Avoidant - social inhibition and hypersensitivity (fear of rejection)

B. Dependent - submissive, clinging, and persistent need to be taken care of

C. Obsessive Compulsive - excessive liking of order

Back 39

Anxious Personality Disorders

Front 40

Schizophrenia

Back 40

a psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorates as a results of disturbances to thought, emotion, and perception

Front 41

1. Delusions

2. Hallucinations

3. Disordered Speech

4. Disorganized behavior

5. Negative symptoms

Back 41

Characteristics of Schizophrenia

Front 42

social psychology

Back 42

the scientific study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of people are influenced by others

Front 43

1. Social Thinking

2. Social Relations

3. Prejudice

Back 43

Themes of Social Psychology

Front 44

attibution

Back 44

the process by which people use information to make inferences about the causes of behavior or events (producing potential explanations)

Front 45

naive psychology

Back 45

a general theory explaining why people make common sense explanations for human behavior; attributes are neither internal or external

Front 46

co-variation model

Back 46

a theory outlining how people make attributions; attribution of responsibility determined by the co-variation between 3 types of info

Front 47

1. Consistancy - does the behavior always happen in this situation?

2. Distinctiveness - does the behavior only happen in this situation?

3. Consensus - does everyone behave the same in this situation?

Back 47

Co-Variation Model - 3 Types of Information

Front 48

attribution bias

Back 48

the attention process is generally reliable, but it is subjective to systematic error

Front 49

1. Fundamental Attribution Error

2. Attitudes

3. Self Perception

Back 49

Examples of Attribution Bias

Front 50

Fundamental Attribution Error

Back 50

the tendency to overestimate the influence of external factors (blaming the person, not the situation)

Front 51

Attitudes

Back 51

positive or negative evaluations of people, things, ideas , or issues

Evaluations are based on:

A. Affect - feelings aroused

B. Behavior - actions elicited

C. Cognition - thoughts evoked

Front 52

cognitive dissonance

Back 52

a feeling of discomfort which arises from being inconsistent in one’s cognitions (thoughts, attitudes beliefs, and behaviors); reduced by changing the least resistant cognition

Front 53

self perception

Back 53

the process by which inferring one’s internal states from one’s behavior

Front 54

friendship

Back 54

a relationship of mutual affection

Front 55

1. Proximity - determines initial meeting and subsequent exposure

2. Beauty - there is a widely held belief that beautiful people are nice people

3. Similarity - people who share our beliefs and opinions provide us with a sense of validation

4. Friendliness - we like to be around people who like us and make us feel valued

5. Love

Back 55

Friendship is Influenced By:

Front 56

The Mere Exposure Effect

Back 56

the more your exposed to something (or someone) the more you like it

Front 57

A. Passionate - a state of intense longing for union with another (ensures reproduction)

B. Companionate - the affection we feel for those with those whom our lives are deeply intertwined (ensured child survival)

Back 57

2 Types of Love

Front 58

aggression

Back 58

any form of behavior that is intended to harm or injure an object, another person, or oneself (Evolutionary basis: helps gain resources, fends off attacks, and fends off sexual rivals)

Front 59

1. Hostile - triggered by anger

2. Instrumental - pre-planned

3. Mixed - anger & planning

Back 59

Types of Aggression

Front 60

1. Individual Differences - genetics, biochemistry, learning, and personality can make some people more aggressive

2. Situational Aspects - aggression can be triggered by environmental causes

A. Frustration - always leads to aggression and only leads to aggression

B. Aversive Events

Back 60

Causes for Aggression

Front 61

prejudice

Back 61

an unjustifiable attitude about a specific group of people suggesting that they are somehow inferior (can cause discrimination)

Front 62

1. Over Generalizing - basing your opinion of an entire group on just a few bad examples

2. Justifying Social Dominance - rationalizing the oppression of a subordinate group by holding them to be inferior

3. Boosting self-esteem - trying to increase your feelings of self-worth by perceiving the groups to which you belong as being better than other groups

4. Conflict - competition for limited resources produces hostile attitudes and hostile behaviors

Back 62

Causes for Prejudice

Front 63

1. Roles, rules, and norms
2. Persuasion
3. Conformity
4. Compliance - a change in behavior in response to a request (an appeal made by a

person who is not in a position of authority)

5. Obedience - a change in behavior made in response to a command (a command is an appeal made by a person who is in a position of authority); mostly useful, occasionally harmful

Back 63

Social Influences

Front 64

1. Socialization - people learn the “obey authority” heuristic (differs nation to nation)

2. Induction Technique - obedience is more likely when commands are escalated gradually (foot in the door)

3. Proximity of Authority - contact with an authority figure increases obedience (physical contact has more power than verbal)

4. Legitimacy of Authority - acknowledged authority figures are more likely to be obeyed than questionable ones

Back 64

Influence Factors on Obedience

Front 65

comoribidity

Back 65

the experience of more than one disorder at a time

Front 66

neurotic disorder

Back 66

mental disorder where a person does not have signs of brain abnormalities and does not display gross irrational thinking or violate basic norms, but does experience subjective distress

Front 67

insanity

Back 67

the legal designation for the state of an individual judged to be legally irresponsible or incompetent