Psychology 101 First Exam

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theory

Back 1

an explanation of why and how a behavior occurs

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pseudopsychology

Back 2

psychological information of conclusions that sound scientific but that have not been systematically tested by the scientific method. (tarot cards, mediums)

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critical thinking

Back 3

thought processes used to evaluate and analyze information and apply it to other situations

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psychology's four goals

Back 4

describe

predict

explain

control

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prediction

Back 5

an expected outcome of how variables will relate

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hypothesis

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an educated guess

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predictive hypothesis

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an educated guess about the relationships among variables

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casual hypothesis

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an educated guess about how one variable will influence another variable

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naturalistic observation

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observing behavior in the environment in which the behavior typically occurs

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case study

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an in-depth observation of one participant

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generalizability

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how well a researcher's findings apply to other individuals and situations

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correlation

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the relationship between two or more variables

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positive correlation

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a relationship in which increases in one variable correspond to increases in the other variable

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negative correlation

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a relationship in which increases in one variable correspond to decreases in the other variable

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quasi-experiment

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a research study that is not a true experiment because participants are not assigned to the different conditions

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institutional review board (IRB)

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committee that review research proposals to ensure that ethical standards have been met

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structuralism

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an early psychological perspective concerned with identifying the basic elements of experience

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introspection

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observing ones own thoughts, feelings, or sensations

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margaret washburn

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the first woman to be awarded a doctorate in psychology

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functionalism

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an early psychological perspective concerned with how behavior helps people adapt to their environment

william james

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psychoanalytic theory

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sigmund freud, sex and aggression, penis envy, unconscious desires

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behaviorism

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a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of observable responses and behavior

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behavioral perspective

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an approach that focuses on external, environmental influences on behavior

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sociocultural perspective

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an approach that focuses on societal and cultural factors that may influence behavior

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cognition

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mental processes such as reasoning and problem solving

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cognitive perspective

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an approach that focuses on how mental processes influence behavior

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positive psychology

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the study of factors that contribute to happiness, positive emotions, and well being

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eclectic approach

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an approach that integrates and combines several perspectives when explaining behavior

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francis summer

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firs african american to receive a doctorate in psychology

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glia

Back 30

brain cells that provide important support functions for the neurons and are involved in the formation of myelin

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resting potential

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the potential difference that exists in the neuron when it is resting (-70 mv in mammals)

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threshold of excitation

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the potential difference at which a neuron will fire an action potential (-55 mv in mammals)

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excitation

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when a neurotransmitter makes the postsynaptic cell more positive inside, it becomes more likely to fire an action potential

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inhibition

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when a neurotransmitter makes the postsynaptic cell more negative inside, it becomes less likely to fire an action potential

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reputake

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the process through which neurotransmitters are recycled back into the presynaptic neuron

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acetylcholine (ACh)

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a neurotransmitter relatd to muscle movement and perhaps conciousness, learning, and memory

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dopamine

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movement, motivation, lerning, and attention

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serotonin

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sleep, arousal, mood, eating, pain perception

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norepinephrine

Back 39

sleep, arousal, mood

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gamma amina butyric acid (GABA)

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regulation arousal

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glutamate

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chief excitatory in brain

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endorphins

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natural painkillers

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hindbrain

Back 43

medulla, pons, and cerebellum

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forebrain

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limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, cortex

higher order

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midbrain

Back 45

connects hindbrain with forebrain

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medulla

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basic functions, breathing, heart rate, blood pressure

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pons

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breathing, sleep, dreaming, facial movement, sensation

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cerebellum

Back 48

balance, muscle tone, coordination

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reticular formation

Back 49

arousal, attention, sleep, conciousness

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limbic system

Back 50

amygdala&hippocampus, emotion, motivation, memory

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cerebral cortex

Back 51

wrinkled outer part of brain, thinking, planning, lanuage, sensation, coordination

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amygdala

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part of the limbic system that plays a role in emotions of fear and agression

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hippocampus

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part of the brain that plays a role in the transfor of info from short to long term

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neruoplacticity

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the nervous system's ability to rewire its structures as a result of experience

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thalamus

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a part of the forebrain that functions as a sensory relay station

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hypothalamus

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homeostasis, sleep, body temperature, sex, thirst, hunger. where nervous system interacts with endochrine system

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frontal lobe

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right behind forehead. thinking, planning, decision making, language, motor movement

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parietal lobe

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top sides of brain. touch and cognitive processes

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temporal lobe

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right below ears. auditory and language

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brocas area

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left frontal lobe, speech

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brocas aphasia

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damage to brocas area, unable to produce speech

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wernicke's area

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left temporal lobe. comprehension of speech

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wernickes aphasia

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damage to wernicke's area. unable to comprehend speech

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corpus callosum

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connects right and left hemispheres

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association cortex

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areas of cortex involved in association of info from motor-sensory areas

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motor cortex

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back of frontal lobe governs motor movement

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somatosensory cortex

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front of parietal lobe governs touch

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endochrine system

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hormones

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pituitary gland

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controls the action of all other glands in the body - endochrine system

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gonads

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endochrine glands that affect sexual reproduction

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estrogens

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lady sex hormones - found in both males and females

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androgens

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male hormones - found in both males and females

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adrenal medulla

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central part of adrenal gland crucial in functioning the sympathetic nervous system

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adrenal cortex

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outside part of adrenal gland, influences sexual characteristics

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freuds stages

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oral- 0-1.5

anal- 1.5-3

phallic- 3-6

latency- 6-puberty

genitals- puberty-death

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piaget

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children actively construct their knowledge

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information-processing theory

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input: science, religion, culture etc

processed&organized

output: behavior

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vygotsky

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individuals actively construct their knowledge

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bandura

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behavior, environment, and cognition

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ecological theory

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development influenced by

microsystem

mesosystem

exosystem

macrosystem

chronosystem

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microsystem

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family, school etc

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exosystem

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things the individual doesnt use but the family does

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macrosystem

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attitudes&ideologies of the culture

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chronosystem

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environmental events&transitions over the course of life

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synaptic pruning

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when synapses are not used they are deemed unimportant and connections are snipped and glucose stops being sent to it

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afferent

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sensory neurons

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efferent

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motor neurons

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EEG

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brainwaves

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PET

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visual display of brain activity

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MRI

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magnetic fields and radio waves distinguish between diff types of brain tissue

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apaxias

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action disorders

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agnosias

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perception disorders

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aphasias

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disorders of language