Chapter 15: Intro To Psychology (Myers 8Th Ed)

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PERSONALITY

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An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH TO PERSONALITY

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Freud saw personality as composed of pleasure-seeking psychic impulses (the id), a reality-oriented executive (the ego), and an internalized set of ideals (the superego).
The development is through psychosexual stages—the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. Our personalities are influenced by how we have resolved conflicts associated with these stages and whether we have remained fixated at any stage.

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FREE ASSOCIATION (IN PSYCHOANALYSIS)

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A method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

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PSYCHOANALYSIS

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Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

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UNCONSCIOUS

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According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

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ID (IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY)

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Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

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THE PLEASURE PRINCIPLE (PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY)

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the demand of immediate gratification

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EGO (IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY)

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The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

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THE REALITY PRINCIPLE (PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY)

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Satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

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SUPEREGO (IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY)

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The part of personality that, represents internalized ideas and provides standards of judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

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WHAT ARE PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY'S PSYCHO-SEXUAL STAGES)

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ORAL (0-18mths): pleasure centers on mouth - biting, sucking, chewing
ANAL (18-36mths): pleasure focuses on bowel & bladder eliminations - cope with demands for control
PHALLIC (3-6yrs) - pleasure zone is in the genitals - coping with incestuous sexual feelings
LATENCY (6-puberty) - dormant sexual feelings
GENITALS (puberty on) - maturation of sexual interest

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PSYCHO-SEXUAL STAGES

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The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

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OEDIPUS COMPLEX

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According to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

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IDENTIFICATION (PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY)

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The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos.

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FIXATION (PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY)

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According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

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IN THE PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY WHAT IS THE BYPRODUCT OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE ID AND THE SUPER EGO?

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Anxiety

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ACCORDING TO FREUD WHAT IS THE BASIC DEFENCE MECHANISM?

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Repression – banishing troublesome ideas and feelings to the unconscious

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DEFENCE MECHANISMS (PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY)

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The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

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REPRESSION (PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY)

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The basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

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REGRESSION (PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY)

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Retreating to an infantile stage. For example, facing the anxious first days of school, a child may regress to thumb-sucking;

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REACTION FORMATION (PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY)

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Transforming unacceptable impulses into their acceptable opposites. For example, “I hate him” becomes “I love him”;

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PROJECTION (PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY)

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attributing one’s own unacceptable impulses to others. For example, “He doesn’t trust me” may be a projection of the actual feeling “I don’t trust him” or “I don’t trust myself”;

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RATIONALIZATION (PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY)

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Explaining one’s behavior in terms of self-justifying motives rather than unacceptable ones. For example, habitual drinkers who say they drink with friends “just to be sociable”;

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(DISPLACEMENT (PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY)

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Focusing sexual or aggressive impulses on someone who is more acceptable than the person who aroused the emotion. For example, students upset over an exam may snap at a roommate.

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COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

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Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir or memory traces from our species’ history.

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HOW DID ADLER AND HORNEY'S VIEWS DIFFER FROM FREUD WITH RESPECT TO HIS PERSONALITY THEORY

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• They argued that we have motives other than sex and aggression, and that the ego’s conscious control is greater than Freud supposed.
• Alfred Adler (who coined the term inferiority complex) & Karen Horney (who refuted Freud’s view of the inferiority of women) argued that social, not sexual, tensions are critical in personality formation.

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HOW CAN YOU ASSESS UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSES?

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Projective test: a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics.
These tests have questionable reliability or validity, although continue to be used

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THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT)

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A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through stories they make about ambiguous scenes.

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RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST

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The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

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TERROR MANAGEMENT THEORY

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Proposes that faith in one’s worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death

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SELF-ACTUALIZATION (ACCORDING TO MASLOW)

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The hierarchy of needs. the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s full potential.

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UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD

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according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.

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SELF-CONCEPT (CARL ROGERS)

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All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

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HOW DOES THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH ASSESS PERSONALITY

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Through questionnaires
• some questionnaires focus on a persons self-concept, for example, by comparing their actual self with their ideal self.
• Others look at subjective personal experiences through interviews & intimate conversations.

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THE TRAIT PERSPECTIVE

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Researchers attempted to describe personality in terms of stable & enduring behavior patters, or predispositions to feel and act.

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TRAIT

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A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

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ON WHAT DIMENSIONS DID EYSENCK & EYSENCK SUGGEST THAT OUR PERSONALITIES LAY?

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extraversion-introversion
emotional stability-instability

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PERSONALITY INVENTORY

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A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

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MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY (MMPI)

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The most widely researched & clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

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EMPIRICALLY DERIVED TEST

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A test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

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THE BIG FIVE

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McRae & Costa
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness
Extroversion
remember: OCEAN

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SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

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Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context

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SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE OF PERSONALITY

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It applies principles of learning, cognition, and social behavior to personality, with particular emphasis on the ways in which our personality influences and is influenced by our interaction with the environment. It assumes reciprocal determinism—that personal-cognitive factors combine with the environment to influence people’s behavior.

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RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM

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The interacting influences between personally and environmental factors.

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PERSONAL CONTROL

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Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless.

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EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL

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the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate.

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INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL

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the perception that one controls one’s own fate.

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LEARNED HELPLESSNESS

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the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

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SPOTLIGHT EFFECT

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Overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, & blunders

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SELF SERVING BIAS

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A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.