Psychology 218 Final Exam

Front 1

how does science, on the whole, maintain objectivity?

Back 1

researchers try to find weaknesses in each other's theories

Front 2

applied research is

Back 2

often guided by findings of basic research

Front 3

a hypothesis must be

Back 3

falsifiable (able to be tested)

Front 4

scientific theories (as opposed to pseudoscience)

Back 4

are revised when new evidence is formed

Front 5

to judge how influential a journal is, you should pay close attention to

Back 5

impact factor

Front 6

at the beginning of any research project, you should thoroughly explore prior research because

Back 6

prior findings are useful for generating & clarifying research ideas

Front 7

do good scientists use intuition?

Back 7

yes, to generate ideas for research

Front 8

which free databases can you use for locating journal articles if you are not associated with a university?

Back 8

google scholar & pubmed

Front 9

if kindergarteners contributed more to a discussion than high school students, what type of relationship between age & discussion participants was formed

Back 9

negative

Front 10

which is an ethical principle for treating human subjects?

Back 10

any decisions to exclude certain people must be on scientific grounds

Front 11

the results section of a paper should contain all of the following except

Back 11

comparing results to previous studies

Front 12

when combining terms to search for articles in psychlab, which operator will give you the best results?

Back 12

or

Front 13

professor brown found that lonely people watch more television than non-lonely people. what can you conclude from this result?

Back 13

you can't conclude any of the above without more information

Front 14

if you give participants a pretest & then select those with the lowest score for your reading skills interventions, you would likely be threatening the validity of your study due to

Back 14

regression to the mean

Front 15

what should you do if you strongly suspect a colleague of fraud?

Back 15

tell the research integrity officer at your school

Front 16

which of these frequency distribution curves probably reflects the smallest sample size?

Back 16

c

Front 17

when awareness of being measured has an effect on behavior, this is called

Back 17

reactivity

Front 18

researchers have identified two distinct strategies for playing pinball: careful & aggressive. this categorization of strategies represents a dependent variable on a(n) measurement scale.

Back 18

nominal (categories)

Front 19

how might you operationally define flirtation in online chats (as a dependent variable)?

Back 19

by counting words with sexual overtones

Front 20

if breathing deeply helps you feel calm, & feeling calm helps you do well on a test, then with respect to the effect of breathing deeply on test performance, feeling calm is a _____ variable.

Back 20

mediating (connecting iv & dv)

Front 21

which kind of validity is based on how well the measure appears to reflect the construct?

Back 21

face validity

Front 22

when might you use a case study?

Back 22

to study a rare or exceptional subject

Front 23

a research team finds that when a song is first on the radio, the more times people are exposed to it, the more they like it. however, after 1000 listenings, more exposure to the song decreases liking. what kind of relationship between listenings & liking does this finding exemplify? (hint: graph the relationship)

Back 23

inverted-u (corvilinear)

Front 24

when a researcher can make a strong inference that manipulation of the IV caused changed in the DV, the study is said to have good _____.

Back 24

internal validity

Front 25

you conduct a pilot experiment on the effect of low & high anxiety on test performance. you don't see any clear differences between groups. how do you respond?

Back 25

test some more pilot subjects, using a manipulation check to make sure your subjects actually differ in level of anxiety.

Front 26

dr. locke conducts a study in which one group on subjects are introverts & another group are extroverts. all of the subjects participate in two experimental conditions. what kind of design is this?

Back 26

iv & pv

Front 27

using a 95% confidence interval, dr. ruth reports that 58% to 62% of married Americans have happy marriages. the ____ is +/-2%

Back 27

margin of error

Front 28

you design a study in which there are five conditions, & you plan to use a Latin Square to counterbalance the orders. how many different testing orders will you need to use?

Back 28

5

Front 29

imagine that you want to know whether petting a cat improves poetry composition. in a counterbalanced repeated measures design, how would you vary the independent variable?

Back 29

have half the subjects write a poem first while petting a cat & then without a cat. have the other half write a poem first without a cat & then while petting one. (ABA/reversal)

Front 30

what do skin conductivity, hormone levels, pupil dilation, & heart rate have in common?

Back 30

all are physiological measures of psychological state

Front 31

a researcher wants to examine the effect of room temperature on friendliness. she placed one group of participants in a room that is 54 degrees, a second group in a room that is 72 degrees, & a third in a room that is 90 degrees. she then measures the amount of time participants spend smiling at each other. this is a(n) ______ design.

Back 31

independent groups

Front 32

a researcher is interested in examining the effect of caffeine on surgical performance. in order to role out a change in behavior brought about because of participants' expectations about the effect of caffeine, the researcher should include a

Back 32

placebo

Front 33

which is an attribute of a well-designed survey question?

Back 33

relatively simple wording (to reduce cognitive load)

Front 34

dr. walsh divides a population into subgroups based on zip codes, & then uses random sampling to select certain subgroups for testing. what kind of sampling is this?

Back 34

cluster

Front 35

the first step of survey research is to

Back 35

determined the research objective

Front 36

participants were asked to evaluate a work of art. they were told that it had been created either by a male or female artist who was either a high-school dropout or an award-winning artist. the participants rated the poem written by the award-winner as being of higher quality than the poem written by the dropout. from these results, one can conclude there was

Back 36

a main effect of artist status (artist>dropout)

Front 37

if you are looking for a relatively low-cost way to monitor participants' brain activity, which would you choose?

Back 37

eeg (electroencephalogram)

Front 38

as a researcher, you suspect that a non-linear relationship may exist between mood & amount of cotton candy consumed by children. to test this theory, you will need to

Back 38

include more than two levels of the independent variable

Front 39

you conduct a study with two IVs. the first IV (lighting) includes 3 levels. the second IV (noisiness) includes 4 levels. how many factors & conditions are there?

Back 39

2, 12 (3x4)

Front 40

in a 5x3 repeated measured factorial design, how many participants will you need to have 20 participants per condition?

Back 40

20

Front 41

if the effect of one IV depends on the level of another IV, there is a(n)

Back 41

main effect

Front 42

based on the table below, what can you conclude about overall main effects & interactions?

Back 42

there are two main effects & an interaction

Front 43

you go to several elementary schools & test students who are in the first grade, third grade, & sixth grade to examine the effect of age on ability to judge facial expressions. you have used a(n) ______ approach.

Back 43

cross-sectional

Front 44

the mean is a measure of _____, & the standard deviation is a measure of _____.

Back 44

central tendency, variability

Front 45

what should you do before you test for statistical significance?

Back 45

all of the above

Front 46

a medical doctor combines information from her patients' eating habits, exercise regimes, genetic history, & life satisfaction to predict their risk of heart disease. this is an example of using

Back 46

multiple correlation

Front 47

dr. johnson has collected data on the relationship between region of origin & judgements of personality characteristics. in order to determine if the results obtained from the sample are representative of the population, dr. johnson will need to employ _______ statistics.

Back 47

inferential

Front 48

in testing the differences between means, the ____ hypothesis would suggest that any observed difference is due to your manipulations.

Back 48

null

Front 49

dr. walters finds that students who work less than 10 hours a week have significantly lower test scores than students who work more than 10 hours a week. in order to determine the magnitude of the effect of work hours on test scores, she should calculate the

Back 49

effect size

Front 50

a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient indicates the ______ & ______ of the relationship between two variables.

Back 50

direction, strength

Front 51

a researcher obtains a .87 correlation between job applicants' ages & their likelihood to be hired. to rule out a possible effect of job experience as a third variable, what should she do?

Back 51

conduct inferential statistics

Front 52

before conducting inferential statistics, you must select the probability level required for statistical significance. the level is referred to as the

Back 52

alpha level

Front 53

what kinds of people are most likely to volunteer for studies?

Back 53

people who like to please others.

Front 54

to test the hypothesis that the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy will vary depending on whether the treatment is administered in person, over the phone, or online, the appropriate statistical test would be the

Back 54

chi-squared

Front 55

samantha read 150 articles on the effect of apologies on the harshness of sentencing. she then wrote & published a paper in which she combined effect sizes across different studies. this is an example of a

Back 55

narrative literature review

Front 56

when writing a grant, you can determine how many subjects you need using a mathematical method called

Back 56

meta-analysis

Front 57

what statistical test would you use to determine if the mean test score of lab section 1 is significantly higher than the mean test score of lab section 2?

Back 57

ANOVA

Front 58

replications can be used to

Back 58

all of the above

Front 59

based on a small study, dr. harrison concluded that there is no difference in addictiveness between marijuana & cocaine. however, there really is a difference. dr. harrison made a(n) ____ error.

Back 59

type ii

Front 60

the example in which 20 flavors of jelly beans were tested & green jelly beans were found to be linked to acne illustrates

Back 60

type i error, due to the problem of multiple comparisons.