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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychodynamic Theories on Therapy
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- based on Freud
- Goal : help patients achieve insight, dig up buried conflicts - Insight = conscious awareness of psychodynamics underlying problems |
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Methods of treatment in Psychodynamic Therapy
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- Free Association (sit behind the client, verbal reports on feelings, etc)
- Dream interpretation |
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Psychodynamic responses to therapy
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- Resistance ( a) defensive maneuvers that hinder process of therapy)
- Transferrence ( a) Client responds irrational to therapist like he/she was important figure from client's past - positive or negative) - Counter-transference |
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Humanistic Psychotherapy - "Client Centred Therapy"
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- focused on relationship between client and therapist
- designed by Carl Rogers |
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three important therapist attributes (as per "client centred therapy" by Rogers)
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a) unconditional positive regard
a) empathy a) genuineness |
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Gestalt Therapy
(Humanistic Psychotherapy) |
-Goal: bring feelings, wishes and thoughts into immediate awareness
Methods: a) Often carried out in groups b) more active and dramatic approaches than client-centred approaches c) role-play |
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Cognitive theories
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- Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
- role of irrational and self-defeating thought patterns - help clients discover and change cognitions that underlie problems |
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Ellis' Rational Emotive Therapy (ABCD Model)
(cognitive theory) |
Activating Event
Belief system Consequences Disputing maladaptive behaviours |
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Beck's Theory
(cognitive theory) |
help clients identify and reprogram their “automated” thought patterns
- "Beck Depression inventory" major contribution to depression and self instructional training |
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Behaviour Therapies
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Maladaptive behaviours are the problem, not the symptom
- maladaptive behaviours can be unlearned through classical and operant conditioning, modeling - problem behaviours are learned |
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Exposure
(Classical conditioning therapies) |
- Exposure : Treat phobias through exposure to feared CS in the absence of UCS
- flooding : expsed to real life stimuli - Implosion: imagine scenes involving stimuli - highly effective and extinguishing anxiety, but can also create anxiety |
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Systematic Desensitization
(Classical conditioning therapies) |
Learning treatment for anxiety using counterconditioning
- train muscles to relax - stimulus hieararchy |
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In-vivo Desensitization
(Classical conditioning therapies) |
Controlled exposure to "real life" situations
- creates more anxiety than systematic, but has faster results |
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Aversion Therapy
(Classical conditioning therapies) |
condition an aversion to CS (like alcohol)
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Operant conditioning or "behaviour modification treatments"
(Classical conditioning therapies) |
Attempt to increase or reduce behaviour
- positive and negative reinforcement - extinction - used on profoundly disturbed children Punishment only used with parental consent on destructive children. |
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Token Economies
(Classical conditioning therapies) |
enourage behaviour with positive reinforcement
- give tokens for desirable behaviour - backed up by social reinforcers like pride |
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Modelling and social skills training
(Classical conditioning therapies) |
learn new skills by observing and imitating a model
uses roleplay Key: increased self efficacy. I can do that too! |
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Cultural Barriers to psychological treatment
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- cultural norms
- language - access to treatment (affordability and proximity) - lack of culturally responsive treatments |
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Difficulties in evaluating therapy
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- many variables aren`t controlled (self selection and selection bias)
- therapist-client interaction varies - hard to measure effects - who measures the outcomes |
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Somatoform disorders
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physical complains / disabilities with no known biological cause
- hypochondria - pain disorder (out of proportion to problem) - conversion disorder (sudden and random neurological issues, i.e. glove anesthesia) |
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Psychogenic Amnesia
(Disscociative Disorder) |
- extensive but selective memory loss following trauma
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Psychogenic fugue
(Disscociative Disorder) |
loss of personal identity
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
(Disscociative Disorder) |
two or more separate personalities
Trauma-dissociation Theory = DID generally results from severe traumatic experience during early childhood |
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Scizophrenia
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`split mind``
delusions, disorganized speech, hallucinations, blunted emotion |
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Subtypes of Schizophrenia
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- Paranoid (delusions of persecution or grandeur)
- Disorganized (confusion, incoherence) - Catatonic - Undifferentiated |
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Two main categories of Schizophrenia
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Type I = positive symptoms, pathological extremes (delusions, hallucinations, etc)
Type II = negative symptoms, absence of normal reactions (lack of expression or motivation) |
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Biological Causal factors of Schizophrenia
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- genetic, skips a generation
- Unusual MRI activity, hallucinations related to Thalamus (mainly type II) - Neurodegenerative hypothesis - Dopamine hypothesis |
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Neurodegenerative hypothesis
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- Biological theory for Schizophrenia
- destruction of neural tissues in regions that affect congitive processing and emotion - Thorazine calms people down |
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Dopamine hypothesis
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Schizophrenia results from overactivity of dopamine
Defective Neuroreceptors |
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Psychological causal factors of Schizophrenia
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Freud = extreme use of defence mechanism regression (ability to cope with stress)
-Cognitive - inability to filter out irrelevant information |
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APA Guidelines for randomized Clinical Trials
(research method) |
- Procedures must be followed exactly
- sessions taped or observed - some measures of improvement must be behavioural - need for follow-up data |
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Meta-Analysis
(research method) |
Allows researchers to combine the statistical results of many studies to reach an overall conclusion
- Effect size |
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Types of control groups in Randomized clinical trials
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- no treatment
-placebo control - other effective treatment random assignment of clients to experimental or control groups i.random assignment of clients to experimental or control groups |
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Factors affecting outcome of treatment
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-Client variables
-Openness -Self-relatedness -nature of the problem -Therapist variables (quality of relationship, empathy, unconditional acceptance, genuineness, trust, caring) - techniques - Dose-response effect - faith in therapist - plausible explanation for problems protective setting and supportive relationship -opportunity to practice new behaviours - increased optimism and self-efficacy |
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Psychopharmacology
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Study of how drugs affect cognitions, emotions, behaviour
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Tricyclics
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anti-depressant drug class
a)increase activity of norepenephrine and seratonin b)prevent reuptake of excitatory neurotransmitters |
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i.Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
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anti-depressant drug class
a)increase activity of norepenephrine and seratonin b)Monamine oxidase breaks down neurotransmitters |
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Newer drugs
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i.Buspirone (buspar)
ii.fewer side effects iii.enhances inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA iv.Sometimes using older antidepressants now |
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Anti-anxiety drugs
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.designed to reduce anxiety without affecting alertness or concentration
ii.slow down excitatory synaptic activity side effects: a)drowsiness b)lethargy c)dependence d)alcohol iv.“Gaba” is the princible inhibitory neurotransmitter v.Very effective |
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Selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
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class of antidepressant drug
a)block reuptake of seratonin b)milder side effects than other antidepressants c)reduce depressive symptoms more rapidly |
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Antipsychotic drugs = major tranquilizers
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- decrease action of dopamine
- Reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia - can produce tardive dyskinesia a)severe movement disorder |
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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Began with observation that schizophrenia and epilepsy rarely occur together = therefore, seizure induction can help schizophrenia
hasn't been effective in treating schizophrenia Useful in treating severe depression i.particularily those in risk of suicide ii.effects can be immediate iii.60-70% improve |
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ECT procedure
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A.Procedure
patient given sedative and muscle relaxant placed on well-padded mattress shock less than 1 second, causing seizure of CNS |
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Psychosurgery
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.method of last resort
procedures that remove or destroy parts of brain least used of biomedical procedures |
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Lobotomy
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destroy nerve tracts to frontal lobes
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Cingulotomy
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Cut fibres that connect frontal lobes and limbic system
used in cases of severe depression and OCD |
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Deinstitutionalization
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Transfer of treatment from mental institutions to community
requires availability of mental health care in community |
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Situation-focused prevention
(mental health prevention) |
reduce or eliminate environmental causes of disorders
enhance situational factors that prevent disorders |
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Competency-focused prevention
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designed to increase personal resources and coping skills
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When to seek professional assistance
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i.severe emotional discomfort
ii.unable to handle problem or life transition iii.past problem is worsening or has resurfaced iv.thinking about, dreaming about or responding to a traumatic event with negative emotions v.Preoccupation with weight or body image vi.severe and recurring conflicts with others vii.hearing voices or feeling like everyone is out to get you |
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What is stress?
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stimuli/events in environment that place demands on us = stressors
our RESPONSE interaction between organism and environment |
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"Life events scale" for measuring stress
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Quantify stress over a given period of time
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Social Readjustment scale
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Point values to measure stress
Points = "Life change units" |
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Four aspects of appraisal process (stress)
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Primary appraisal (demands of situation)
Secondary (resources available to cope) Judgements of consequences of situation personal meaning |
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Chronic Stress and GAS
(General Adaption Syndrome) two stages: |
1. Alarm
2. Resistance |
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why do some people suffer psychological and/or psychological distress and others to not?
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Commitment to work, family and other involvements
Control Challenge |
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Cognitive protective factors
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Coping self-efficacy
HARDINESS - control, challenge, commitment Finding meaning optimism |
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Physiological Reactivity to stress
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i.relationship between two classes of hormones
catecholamines and corticosteroids both involved in “fight or flight” Cortisol effects last longer; more damaging |
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Social Causation Hypothesis
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higher levels of stress among low-income
people who are wealthy less likely to get depression, schizophrenia; even cardiovascular disease |
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Social Drift Hypothesis
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as functioning deteriorates – drift down socio-economic ladder
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Three clusters of personality disorders
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A - anxiety and fearfullness
B - dramatic and impulsive disorders C - Odd and eccentric |
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Brain damage from Alzheimer's
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a)Caused by deterioration in frontal and temporal lobes of brain
b)plagues in brain (holes) c)destruction of cells that product acetylene |
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Which neurotransmitter is the main cause of anxiety disorders?
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GABA
Low levels may cause highly reactive nervous systems inhibitory neurotransmitter Drugs that affect GABA transmission treat anxiety; Valium, etc |
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Three Major Patterns after Depressive Episode
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no recurrence
recovery with recurrence no recovery |
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Neurotransmitters responsible for mood disorders
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under activity of nor-epinephrine, dopamine and seratonin in depression
PRIMARY target is norepinehrine |
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Personality-based vulnerability
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Trauma early in life creates vulnerability later
Psychodynamic causal factor of mood disorders |
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Depressive attributional pattern
mood disorder causal factor |
success = factors outside self
negative outcomes = personal factor |
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Learned helplessness Theory
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depression occurs when people expect that bad events will occur and they think that they can't cope with them
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