Psychology 101 Summer

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Sigmund Freud

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Highly influential figure . He theorized that patients problems arose from unconscious mind.Also that the unconscious mind could be accessed through dream analysis.

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William James

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The first American psychologist who espoused a different perspective on how psychology should operate. His perspective was known as functionalism. Functionalism is it focus on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment. Functionalism is the second more subtle meaning in their functionalism were more interested in the operation of the Holman Weather then of that individual parts.

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Wilhelm Wundt

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He used introspection “he called it internal perception “a process by which someone examines their own conscious experience, as objectively as possible ,making the human mind like any other aspect of nature that a scientist observed. Wilhelm Wundt was a proponent of STRUCTURALISM.

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Cecil Sumner

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Was the first African-American to earn a doctoral degree in psychology.

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Abraham Maslow

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Maslow’s theory of humanism is a perspective with them psychology that emphasizes that the potential for good that is innate to all humans. He was a proponent of HUMANISM psychology along with Carl Rogers.

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BF Skinner

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Skinner was a behaviorist and he concentrated on how behavior was affected by its consequences. He spoke on the reinforcement and punishment is major factors and driving behavior. He developed a chamber that allowed the careful study your principal modify behavior through reinforcement & punishment. He is associated with the science of behaviorism.

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Classical conditioning

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Ivan Pavlov Study the behavior of dogs and developed the theory of classical conditioning which explains how people associate to stimuli in their minds and react to one of them as though it was the other. This form of learning behavior is called conditioned reflex.

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Operant Conditioning

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BF Skinner use this theory that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior through operant conditioning an individual makes an association between a particular behavior and the consequences.

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( APA )

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Known As

American Psychology Association

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( APS )

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Known As

The Association for Psychological Science.

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( NLPA )

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Known As

National Latina/o Psychological Association.

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( AAPA )

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Known as

The Asian American Psychological Association .

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( SIP)

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Known As:

Society Of Indian Psychologists

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Evolutionary psychology

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To be subject to evolution by natural selection, hey behavior must have a significant genetic cause. A Theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain useful mental and psychological traits such as memory perception one language as adaptions, i.e. as the functional products as the natural selection

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Jean Piaget

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Was a swiss psychologist and genetic epistemologist. He is most famously known for his theory of cognitive development that look at how children develop intellectually throughout the course of childhood.

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Name 3 sub fields in psychology

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1.) Sports & Exercise

2.) Clinical

3.) Forensic

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Noam Chomsky

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He is best known for cognitive revolution. Wanted to develop a new disciplinary perspective and neuroscience and computer science and liv

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PhD or PsyD

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Clinical Psychology

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PhD

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Doctor of Philosophy. Whether philosophy in the contacts for Thursday many different disciplines perspectives that would be housed in a traditional College of Liberal arts and sciences. With this with this doctorate degree you are more prone and willing to teach at a higher education level.

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PsyD

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Dr. psychology degree that is increasingly have them on the individuals interested in pursuing careers in clinical psychology.

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Ed.D

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A doctor degree in education focuses on field of education repairs the holder for academic research administrative chemical or professional positions in education.

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Gestalt Psychology

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Deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts how these parts relate to each other as a whole is often what is individual response to in perception.

Example: A songIs made up of individual notes played by different instruments, but the real nature of this song is perceived in the combination of these notes as the form for the melody with them and harmony as one.

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Key figures from Humanistic psychology ARE:

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1.) Otto Rank

2.) Abraham Maslow

3.) Carl Rogers

4.) Rollo May

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Stanley Milgram Experiment

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This study what’s the most famous for research on obedience. He decided to research to determine whether or not people could inflict pain on someone just because they were told to by a authority figure. He found it to be true that people wouldn’t spy inflict pain just because someone of authority I did tell them to.

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IRB - Meaning

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Institutional review board

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Correlation Research

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A relationship between two variables, but the only way research I can clean that the relationship between the variables is cause and effect is to perform an experiment.

Example: Positive correlation, negative correlation, no correlation, illusionary correlation.

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Causation

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Causation is often confused with correlation, which indicates the extent to which two variables tend to increase or decrease in parallel. However, correlation myself does not imply causation.

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Double blind experimentation

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And experiment we are both the researchers in the participants of line to group assignments.

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Correlation coefficient

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Is a number from -1 to + 1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between variables.

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Independent Variable

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A variable ( Often denoted by X ) Whose variations does not depend on that of another.

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Dependent variable

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A dependent variable is what you measure in the experiment and what is effective doing the experiment. The dependent variable response to the independent variable

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Control group

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Is composed of participants who do not receive the experimental treatment we conduct an experiment these people are randomly selected to be in this group. This group is the baseline measurable.

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Treatment group

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This is theThat receives treatment in an experiment.

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Deception

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Involves purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment but not to the point where the deception could be considered harmful. In cases where deception is involved, the disciplines must receive a full dBrief in a park inclusion of the study complete, honest information about the purpose of the experiment, how the data collected will be used, the reason why deception was necessary, and information about how to obtain additional information about the study.

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Informed consent

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The process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risk involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person’s consent to participate.

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Placebo Effect

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People’s expectations or beliefs influencing or determining Their experience in a given situation.

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Naturalistic observation

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This type of observational study is observing behavior in its natural setting.

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Archival Research ( ADVANTAGES )

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It minimizes the response bias of subjects because the research is not present while the date as record it also Dayna is very plentiful and it’s already been collected this makes it easier and often less costly than alternative research methods.

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Longitudinal Research

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A research design in which data gathering is it administered repeatedly over an extended period of time.

Ex: Survey group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20 retest them a decade later at age 30 and then again age 40.

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Cross sectional study

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The researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time.

Ex: in this experiment a researcher would study a group of 20 year olds and a group of 30 year olds and a group of 40-year-olds at the same time about there dietary habits.

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Scientific method steps

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1.) Observation

2.) Research

3.) Hypothesis

4.) Theory

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Glial Cells

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The most abundant cell type in the central nervous system. These cells surround neurons and provide support for an isolation between them. Provide scaffolding or what’s the neuron system is built, helps neurons lineup closely with each other to allow neuronal communication.

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Neurons

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According to many estimates human brain contains around 100, billion neurons give or take a few billion.

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Synaptic Reuptake

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Refers to the process in the brain neurons to retrieve chemicals that were not received by the next neuron.

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Main Neurotransmitters

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1.) Acetylcholine

2.) Beta-endorphin

3.) Dopamine

4.) Gamma-aminobutyric acid ( GABA )

5.) Glutamate

6.) Norepinephrine

7.) Serotonin

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Three ( 3 )main types of neurons

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1.) Sensory

2.) Motor

3.) Interneurons

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Four (4 ) Main Lobes of the BRAIN

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1) Frontal Lobe = Reasoning Motor Control

2.) Parietal Lobe = behind frontal , Processing Information from body senses.

3.) Temporal Lobe - located in the side of head= hearing , memory, emotion, and some language.

4.) Occipital Lobe- Very back of Brain= Primary Visual Cortex

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Methods Scanning Human Brain

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1.) Magnetic Resonance Imaging( MRI )

2.) Computerized Tomography ( C.T. ) scan

3.) Positron emission tomography ( PET )scans

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Left Hemisphere ( Brain)

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The cerebral hemisphere To the left of the corpus callosum, controlling activities on the right side of the body, and in humans, usually control and science and math.

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Right Hemisphere Brain

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Controls the movement of the left side of the body. He performs tasks that has to do with creativity and the Arts.

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Hippocampus

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Is an essential structure for learning and memory

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Hypothalamus

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Regulates a number of hemostatic processes including the regulation of body temperature, appetite, and blood pressure.

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Amygdala

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Is involved in our experience of emotion and in tying emotional meaning to our memories.

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Henry Gustav Molaison

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After brain surgery to control his seizures to remove his hippocampus and amygdala. It was successful but unexpected and devastating consequences of the surgery he lost his ability to form many types of new memories he was unable to learn new things.

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Brain stem

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Controls the flow of messages between the brain and the rest of the body, is also controls basic body functions such as breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness and whether one is awake or sleeping.

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Central nervous system

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Comprised of

1.) Brain

2.) Spinal Cord

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EEG

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Electroencephalogram