Psychology Test 1

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psychology is:

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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes of greek orgins

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Psychology started with

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Wilhelm Wundt: developed introspection

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introspection

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self-examination of one's own emotional and mental processes

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behaviorism

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the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes - by John B watson (cut and dry)

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humanistic psychology

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historially significant perspective that emphaized the growth potential of healthy people; use personalized methods to study personality in hope of fostering personal growth

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present study of psychology

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scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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behavior

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anything an organism does

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mental processes

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internal subjective experiences

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biopsychosocial

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an integrated approach that incorporated biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

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Basic research

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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. builds knowledge
how AIDS suvives in the body

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applied research

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scientific study that aids to solve practical problems
dealing with practical problems
how to combat AIDS

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counseling psychologists:

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a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well being

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clinical psychologists:

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a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

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psychiatrists

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can prescribe medicine
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometime provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

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hindisght bias

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the tendency to believe, after learning anoutcome, that one would have foreseen it
"I knew it all along"

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overconfidence

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we tend to be more conficent than correct in our answers to questions

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common sense fact

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is better suited to what has happened than to what will happen

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prediction fact

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is difficult, even in the best of settings that is why we use a scientific process to help verify predictions

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scientific attitude rules

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1. be curious, ask questions, be skeptical
2. ask "what do you mean?" and "how do you know?"
3. think critically
a. do not blindly accept arguments and conclusions
b. question assumptions
c. look for evidence
d. evaluate conclusions

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scientific attitude

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thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions.

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scientific method

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1. theory
2. formulate hypotheses
3. develop operational definitions
4. test
5. revise/replicate

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theory

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a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

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operational definitions

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a statement of the procedures used to define research variables.

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replication

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repeating the essence of a reasearch study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

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what makes for a useful theory

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allows for effective organization of self-reports and observations, clear predictions that anyone can use to check the theory or develop practical uses

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case study

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study one individual in great depth

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surveys

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study many cases in less depth than a case study
considerations: wording effects and random samplings

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random sample

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samply that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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naturalistic observation

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watching and recordikng the behavior of organisms in their natural environment

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phrenology

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the idea that specific mental processes are located in, or associated with, discrete parts of the brain
started by frans gall
claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and our character traits
37 different traits identified

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nerve signal order

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dendrites>cell body> axon/myelin sheath> terminal branches

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action potential

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a neural impulse, a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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threshold

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the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
all or nothing response

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factors that determine the speed of the neural impulse

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size of the axon
myelin sheath - large (900 mph) small (2 mph)

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synapse

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the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the recieving neuron. the tiny gap at the junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft

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neurotransmitter

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chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. when released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters trvael across the synapse and bind to receptor site on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse

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antagonist

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any substance that inhibts the activity of a particular NT

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agonist

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any substance that excites the activity of a particular NT

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Acetylcholine

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muscle action, learning, and memory
makes muscle contract
antagonist: Botox
Agonist: venom

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Dopamine

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movement, learning, attention, emotion
deficiency causes muscle tremors
antagonsits: thorazine
Agonists: cocaine

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Norephinephrine

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alertness and arousal
imbalances lead to bipolar disorders
antagonsits: phenobarbitol
agonists: caffeine

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serotonin

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mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
lead imbalance to depression
antagonsits: LSD
Agonists: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors - Zoloft

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Endorphins

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pain control and pleasure
endogenous morphine
runners high can be addictive

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Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate

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linked with seizures, tremors, and insominia
affects anxiety
valium
//
produces migraines and seizures

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peripheral system

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43 pairs of nerves: 12 cranial, 31 spinal
talks to brain and spinal cord

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sympathetic

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fight or flight
digestion slows, heart speeds, adreline rush, activated by both physical and emotional spress

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parasympathetic

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decrease heart rate, digestion normal, blood sugar back down

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central nervous system

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white matter: axons (conduct impulses)
grey matter: cell bodies and dendrites (control centers in the brain)

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Sensory neurons

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conducts impulses from body to CNS (afferent)

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motor neurons

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conducts impulses from CNs to body (efferent)

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interneuron

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short neuron between sensory and motor - more of these than any other kind of neuron

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endocrine system

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chemical communication system
works directly with the nervous system
sets of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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endocrine glands

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adrenal pituitary hypothalamus thyroid parathyroid pancreas testis/ovaries

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medulla

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where the spinal cord enters the skull and swells slightly
controls heartbeat and breathing
white matter: conducts impulses
grey matter: controls heartrate and blood pressure

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pons

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sits just above medulla and helps control movement
grey matter: controls facial movements, chewing, and sleep

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cerebellum

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involved with the coordination of voluntary movement and skeletal muscles
nonverbal learning, memory, judge time, modulate our emotions, and discriminate sounds and texture

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hind brain

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medulla pons cerebellum

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midbrain

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contains a lot of white matter
is very important in lower animals
a secondary visual and auditory center for humans
reticular formation

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reticular formation

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finger-shaped network of neurons that extends from the spinal cord right up to the thalamus - primary attention center
affected by stimulant drugs i.e. ritalin

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forebrain

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diencephalon and telecephalon

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diencephalon

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thalamus hypothalamus and pitutary gland

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telencephalon

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limbic system basal ganglia corpus callosum and cerebrum

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thalamus

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center of the brain - relay station of senses to parts of the cortex for interpretation - secondary center for emotions

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hypothalamus

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biological equilibrium - bodily maintenance duties, pleasure center - eating drinking and sex center

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pituitary gland

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master gland in the endocrine system that creates hormones

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limbic system

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primary center for emotion. contains: amygdala, septum, hippcampus

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amygdala

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influences aggression and fear - start center

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septum

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primary aggression stop center

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hippocampus

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major role in memory - likely that Alzheimer's originates here

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basal ganglia

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high in dopamine, where Parkinson's orginates

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corpus callosum

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purely white matter that transfers date between the hemispheres

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cerebrum

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largest part of the brain. though is not possible without it. allows humans to think, analyze, and make decisions. allows us to communicate with a sophistacted language. all mammals have some, but we have the most which sets us apart

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cerebral cortex

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body's ultimate control and information-processing center. covers the cerebrum hemispheres. when it expands, organism's adaptability increases allowing for learning and thinking. 4 lobe structure

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4 lobes of the corebral cortex

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Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal

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Frontal Lobe

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lies just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and making plans and judgement; contains the sematessenory cortex

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Parietal Lobe

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Lies at the top of the head and toward the rear; receies sensory imput for touch and body position

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occipital

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lies at the back of the head; include the visual areas, each receiving information from the opposite visual field

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temporal lobe

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lies roughtly above the ears;; includes auditory ears, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear

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cerebral cortex: motor functions

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• Sends messages out to the body
• The right hemisphere of the motor cortex controls the: left side of the body
• The left hemisphere of the motor cortex controls the: right side of the body

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cerebral cortex: sensory functions

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• Registers and processes body touch and: movement of body parts
• If your right hand is touched: registered on the left side of the sensory cortex
• If your left leg is touched: registered on the right side of the sensory cortex

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cerebral cortex: association areas

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• No observable response when probed
• Interpret, integrate, and act on information processed by sensory areas
• Links sensory inputs with stored memories
• Frontal: * damage can alter personality, planning, making judgments, and processing new memories
• Parietal: damaged you may not be able to correctly identify people

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broca's area

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w/damage couldn’t form words but could sing; left frontal lobe

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wernicke's area

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w/damage could speak only meaningless words and were unable to comprehend other’s words; left temporal lobe

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language processing

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o 1. See the words in the: visual area
o 2. Angular gyrus transforms these words into: auditory code
o 3. Code is sent to Wernicke’s area for: understanding
o 4. Words are then sent to Broca’s area: which pronounces the word

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brain plasticity

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• Despite damage to certain areas, a person can still function quite normally
• When brain damage occurs at an early age: the brain will compensate by putting other areas to work and reassigning tasks

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each cell contains ____ chromosomes. ____ from each parent

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46 , 23

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chromosomes are composed of

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DNA

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DNA is made up of

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genes, smal segments of the giant DNA mocules

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variations in genes lead to

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disease, depression, tallness, everything! they are why we are different

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evolutionary psychology

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starts with an effect and moves backward to explain it. potentially puts too much emphasis on genetic

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social learning theory

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children learn gender-linked behaviours through observation and imitation

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gender schema theory

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gender is a lens through which we see the world and our experiences

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developmental psychology

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the study of our live long physical, mental, and social development

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piget

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children go through 4 distinct stages

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trait theorist

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evidence for personality stability

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state theorist

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evidence for for changing personality

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a zygte

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a fertilized egg with 100 cells

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at about 14 day a ____ turns into an _______

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zygote, embryo

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at about 9 weeks a _______ turns into a ________

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embryo, fetus

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teratogens

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chemicals or viruses that can enter the placenta and harm the developing fetus

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highest rate of formation in the frontal lobes is from _____
_____ are the last to develop?

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3-6, association areas

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we develop _____ in the same order

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motor skills, does not depend on imitation

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cognition

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all the mental acitivities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating

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piaget's theory of cognitive development

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1. sensorimotor stage 2. preoperational stage 3. concrete operational stage 4. formal operational stage

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sensorimotor stage

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birth to 2 yo. when you experience the world through senses and actions. begin to experience object permanance at the end of this stage

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preoperational stage

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2-6/7. children start representing things with words or images. use intuitive not logical reasoning. symbolic thinking aroud 3 yo. egocentrism: can understand another's point of view. theory of the mind: begin to infer other's mental state

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autism

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stems from the inability to infer other's states of mind

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concrete operational state

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7-11. think logically about concrete events. start to grasp concrete analogies. conservation. mathematical operations

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authoritarian

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parents impose rule and expect obedience

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permissive

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parents submit to their children's desire, make few demands, and use little punishment

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authoritative

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parents are both demanding and responsive, exert control by setting rule, enforcing them, AND explaining them

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neglectful

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spend as little time with child as possible. only meet basic needs. prone to deliquency

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kohlberg

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moral reasoning development in stages preconventional: show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward; conventional: social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake; post conventional: affirms people's agree-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principals

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psychosocial

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erikson. pshycological development in and interaction with a social environment

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old age v. young regarding memory

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recent past events and long term past events easy to remember. recalling names more difficult, recall down, recognition does not. matherial that is meaningful is recalled better than meaningless material.

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fluid intelligence

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ability to reason speedily and abstractly

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crystalline intelligence

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your accumulated knowledge and skills

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social comments by erikson and freud:

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EE: intimacy and generativity; being productive and supporting future generations // SF: affiliation and achievement, attachment and productivity, commitment and competence

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sensation

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the process by which we detect physical energy from our environment and encode it as neural signals

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perceptions

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the processes of organizing and inperpreting sensorty information enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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bottom up processing

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starts are your sense perceptors and works up to brain

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top down processing

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information recessig is guided by your own experience and expectations

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absolute threshold

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priming effect, subliminal messages, 50-50% you would detect something with minimum stimulation

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difference threshold

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the minimum difference between two stimuli that a person can detect 50% of the time

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Weber's Law

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the difference to be perceptible two stimuli must differ by constant proportion, not constant amounts

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sensory adaptation

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refers to the diminished sensitivity that is a consequence of constant stimulation

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Hue caused by:

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wavelengths

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Intensity caused by:

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amplitude

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cornea

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transparent tissue where the light enters the eye

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Iris:

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the muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of the opening

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lens

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focus the ight rays to the retina

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retina

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contains sensory receptors that process sensory information and sends it to the brain

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accommodation

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the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina

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rods

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detect black, white and gray (in retina)

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cones

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detect fine detail and give off color sensations (in retina)

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optic nerve:

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what carries the neural impulse from the eye to the brain

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fovea:

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point in the retina where the cones cluster

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eye info to brain

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optic nerves connect to the thalamus in the middle of the brain, and the thalamus connects to the visual cortex, incer here, start looking at things more abstractly, each neuron looks at different features

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parallel processing

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processing of several aspects of the stimulus simultaneously

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young-Hemholtz Trichromatic Theory:

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states that when you stimulate combinations of these cones,(red, green, and blue) we see all the other colors.

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Hering's Oppnent Process Theory

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red v green
yellow v blue
Black v white
explain after images

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pitch

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wavelength

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loudness

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amplitude - measured in decibles. anything over 85 can cause deafness

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parts of the ear

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outer ear, middle ear (hammer, anvil, stirrup), inner ear (conchlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs)

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sound travels

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outer ear, through auditory canal, to ear drum, transmitted by hammer, anvil, stirrup, to conchlea, move hairs on basilar membrane, vibrations sent via _____ to temporal lobe

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touch is a

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pressure, warmth, cold, pain

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what is pain

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alarm system that draws our attention to some physical problem

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pain: bottom up and top down

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where do you feel the pain, if you expect it to hurt it it will. experiences tell you how you interpret that pain signal

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taste sensations

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sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

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taste is a

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chemical sense

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smell is a

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chemical sense

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kinesthesis

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the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

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vestribular sense

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a monitor of the heads position and movement. where we get our sense of equilibrium

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relative size

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the smaller image of the two objects appears more distant

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interposition

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nearby objects will partially obstruct our view of more distant objects

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relative height

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heighter objects seem further away

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relative motion

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as we are moving objects at different distances change their relative postion in our visual image, clostest move the most

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liner perspective

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the converging of parallel lines indicates further distance