Psych Ch. 8

Front 1

the mental process by which information is encoded and stored in the brain, and later retieved

Back 1

memory

Front 2

a memory model concerning the sequential processing and use of information, involving encoding, storage, and retrieval

Back 2

information-processing model

Front 3

the first memory process, in which information is organized and transformed so that it can be entered into memory

Back 3

encoding

Front 4

the second memory process, in which information is entered and maintained in memory for a period of time

Back 4

storage

Front 5

the third memory process, which involves recovering stored information from memory so that it can be used

Back 5

retrieval

Front 6

the increased memory for the first bits of information presented in a string of information

Back 6

primacy effect

Front 7

the increased memory for the last bits of information presented in a string of information

Back 7

recency effect

Front 8

a durable memory system that has an immense capacity for informaation storage

Back 8

long-term memory

Front 9

a limited-capacity memory system where we actively "work" with information

Back 9

short-term memory

Front 10

a memory system that very briefly stores the sensory characteristics of a stimulus

Back 10

sensory memory

Front 11

the termused to describe short-term memory as an active memory system that contains a "central executive" processor and two subsystems for temporarily storing auditory and visual-spatial input

Back 11

working memory

Front 12

organizing items of information into a meaningful unit, or chunk, that can be stored in short-term memory

Back 12

chunking

Front 13

the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information to either extend the usual 18-second duration of short-term memory or transfer the rehearsed information to long-term memory

Back 13

maintenance rehearsal

Front 14

rehearsal taht involves thinking about how new information relates to information already stored in long-term memory

Back 14

elaborative rehearsal

Front 15

memory for factual information acquired at a specific time and place

Back 15

episodic memory

Front 16

memory for general knowledge about the world that is not associated with a time and place when the information was learned

Back 16

semantic memory

Front 17

memory of how to perform skilled motor activities

Back 17

procedural memory

Front 18

a theory tah desccribes concepts in long-term memory organized in a complex network of associations

Back 18

semantic network model

Front 19

models of memory in which a large network of interconnected neurons, or processing units, distributed throughout the brain simultaneously work on differend memory tasks

Back 19

parallel distributed processing models

Front 20

memory of previous experiences that one can consciously recollect

Back 20

explicit memory

Front 21

a measure of explicit memory in which a person must retrieve and reproduce information from memory

Back 21

recall

Front 22

a measure of explicit memory in which a person need only decide whether or not something has been previously encountered

Back 22

recognition

Front 23

memory of previous experiences without conscious recollection

Back 23

implicit memory

Front 24

a method of activating implicit memories in which a recently presented bit of information facilitates- or "primes"- responses in a subsequent situation

Back 24

priming

Front 25

a stimulus that allows us to more easily recall information from long-term memory

Back 25

retrieval cue

Front 26

the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by the feeling that it is just beyond your conscious state

Back 26

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Front 27

a memory illusion in which people feel a sense of familiarity in a situation that they know they have never encountered before

Back 27

deja vu

Front 28

a memory illusion in which people believe that some work they have do ne is a novel creation, when, in fact, it is not original

Back 28

cryptomnesia

Front 29

the tendency for retrieval from memory being better when our state of mind during retrieval matches our state during encoding

Back 29

state-dependent memory

Front 30

a retrieval rule stating that retrieving information from long-term memory is most likely when the conditions at retrieval closely match the conditions present during the original learning

Back 30

encoding specificity principle

Front 31

the inability to remember events that occurred during the early part of life (usually, before the age of 3)

Back 31

infantile amnesia

Front 32

detailed and vivid memories of surprising and emotion-provoking events

Back 32

flashbulb memories

Front 33

distortions and alterations in witnesses' memories due to them receiving misleading information during questioning

Back 33

misinformation effects

Front 34

forgetting de to the passage of time

Back 34

decay

Front 35

forgetting due to interference from newly learned information

Back 35

retroactive interference

Front 36

forgetting due to interference from previously learned information

Back 36

proactive interference

Front 37

forgetting due to a desire to eliminate awareness of some unpleasant or disturbing memory

Back 37

motivated forgetting

Front 38

motivated forgetting that occurs consciously

Back 38

suppression

Front 39

the long-lasting strengthening of synaptic transmission along a specific neural circuit, which is believed to be the neural basis for long-term memory

Back 39

long-term potentiation

Front 40

the inability to form long-term memories due to physical injury to the brain

Back 40

anterograde amnesia

Front 41

the loss of information previously stored in long-term memory due to physical injury to the brain

Back 41

retrograde amnesia

Front 42

strategies to make it easier to encode, store, and/or retrieve information

Back 42

mnemonics