Psyc2040 Exam 2

Front 1

a change in behavior or belief as result of real or imagined group pressure

Back 1

conformity

Front 2

also acts in accordance with others

Back 2

conformity

Front 3

influencing factors of conformity

Back 3

nature of the task: intellective vs judgmental issues (facts vs feelings - harder to conform)

size of majority (critical 3-5)

true partner effect (gives strength, will resist with help from a friend)

group cohesiveness (how well the group sticks together (strong similar, more cohesiveness=more conformity)

high status influences (role model)

gender roles (females more attentive to normative social influences - trends)

minority influence - (consistency, flexibility, timing - subset of larger group, more consistent = more conformity, flexible gain a lot of power, timing relates too if group is ready)

Front 4

Part of minority influence

influence=strength, immediacy, number of sources (minority group is strong will increase influence, immediacy-closer to larger group)

Back 4

social impact theory

Front 5

part of minority influence

relative size of minority, being seen by others

Back 5

social influence theory

Front 6

conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing

Back 6

compliance

Front 7

informational social influences (4)

Back 7

-behavioral change results from info received by others

-goal is to be accurate

-behavioral change reflects true beliefs

-attitude change (if any) is weak and unstable

Front 8

normative social influences (4)

Back 8

-behavioral change results from movement toward a social norm

-goal is to be socially accepted and avoid appearing different

-behavioral change does not reflect true beliefs

-attitude changes (if any) is weak and unstable

Front 9

wanted to isolate and then experiment with norm formation (the auto kinetic phenomenon - the apparent movement of stationary point of light in the dark)

Back 9

sherif's experiment

Front 10

stufy of group pressure (asked people to compare lengths of lines and which was the same but he had confederates that would give the wrong answers and the person being observe eventually conformed with the group and gave the wrong answers even though he didn't agree

Back 10

asch experiment

Front 11

a 12 person jury is more likely to result in "____" jury than a 6 person jury

Back 11

hung

Front 12

individualism/independent society exists in

Back 12

the west

Front 13

collectivism/interdependent society exists in

Back 13

the east (framing social issues)

Front 14

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Back 14

culture

Front 15

characteristics that identify us as male and female - learned through socialization (norm)

Back 15

gender roles

vary over time and culture

Front 16

biology/culture debate when it comes to gender roles

observes hormonal differences

Back 16

biological perspective

Front 17

observes cultural expectations

Back 17

social (cultural) perspective

Front 18

culture and biology affect people differently

Back 18

division of labor, thus influencing role expectation, skills, and beliefs

Front 19

changing behavior in response from a direct order of an authority figure

Back 19

obedience

Front 20

both obedience and conformity change behavior

Back 20

conformity group pressure

obedience authority figure

Front 21

factors affecting obedience (7)

Back 21

proximity of victim

legitimacy of authority figure

proximity of authority figure

cognitive narrowing

behavior of second authority figure

behavior of similar others

empathetic cues

Front 22

obedience is high when the victim is distant compared to near

Back 22

proximity of victim

Front 23

obedience is high when the authority figure is respected/powerful compared to disrespected/weak

Back 23

legitimacy of authority figure

Front 24

obedience is high when authority figure is near compared to distant

Back 24

proximity of authority figure

Front 25

remote location of the victim allows you to focus on the task

Back 25

cognitive narrowing

Front 26

obedience is lowered when a second authority figure discourages further obedience

Back 26

behavior of second authority figure

Front 27

obedience is lowered when similar others disobey (new norm of disobedience)

Back 27

behavior of similar others

Front 28

pain cues reduce obedience; bigger factor when doing harm to someone

Back 28

empathetic cues

Front 29

why do we obey? (4)

Back 29

agenetic state

binding factors

personal characteristics

authoritarian submission

Front 30

diffusion of responsibility - go along with order, focus on task and obey orders

role strain can break this and disobey (what are are doing in a conflict, what we should be doing)

Back 30

agenetic state

Front 31

we bind with authority withe practice (practice following orders)

Back 31

binding factors

Front 32

some more conductive to behavior, personality traits

Back 32

personal characteristics

Front 33

true authority (successive obedience over time)

Back 33

authoritarian submission

Front 34

following the direct order of someone

Back 34

obedience

Front 35

group pressure

Back 35

conformity

Front 36

we bind with authority with practice, practice following orders.

Back 36

binding factors

Front 37

influence of authority figures on obedience (disobedience)

Back 37

authority figure is disrespected/weak

authority figure is distant

2nd authority figure discourages further obedience

Front 38

trust authority (successive obedience over time)

Back 38

authoritarian submission

Front 39

a process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors

Back 39

persuasion

Front 40

factors of persuasion and inoculation effect from YALE communication model

Back 40

WHO: the communicator

WHAT: the message

WHOM: the audience

MEANS: the channel

all contribute to

PERSUASION

Front 41

creditability is important to get the meaning across

impacted by sufficient expertise, trustworthiness, and non-beneficial

sleeper effect - over time, people forget about the source if the source was unliked "sleep on it"

Back 41

WHO

Front 42

primacy effect - when you remember words at the beginning of the list

recency effect - when you remember words at the end of the list

use of fear in the message - moderate levels of fear are most effective

high fear can cause repulsion
low fear can cause people to elaborate on the actual information

Back 42

WHAT

Front 43

known you audience, fit your argument to your audience

inoculation - give a weaker version of the opposing view

discrepancy - whether an audience agrees to begin with

Back 43

WHOM

Front 44

how you present the message

Back 44

MEANS

Front 45

exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available. weaker version of opposite view.

Back 45

attitude inoculation

Front 46

how involved the audience is to issues:

either a latitude acceptance, rejection, or noncommitment

as the issue increases in importance, the latitude of acceptance decreases

extremist rarely change because of their latitude of acceptance is narrow

moderates accept view from both sides

key words can make point with multiple audiences

Back 46

social judgment theory

Front 47

routes of persuasion in the elaboration likelihood model

Back 47

CONSULT STUDY GUIDE

Front 48

persuasion that occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Back 48

central processing

Front 49

persuasion that occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues such as speakers' attractiveness

Back 49

peripheral processing

Front 50

people with high need for cognition tend to use

Back 50

central processing more

Front 51

tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognition. for example, dissonance may occur when we realize that we have, with little justification, acted contrary to our attitudes or made a decision favoring one alternative despite reasons favoring another

Back 51

cognitive dissonance

Front 52

condition can pass off as cohesive (cohersive) or over-reward because then you have justification

Back 52

no dissonance

Front 53

when don't have those and behavior and attitude changes behaviors

Back 53

when behavior and attitude don't correlate, we change behavior

Front 54

react if freedom of choice is threatened

motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom. reactance arises when someone threatens our freedom or action. the desire to assert one's sense of freedom

Back 54

psychological reactance

Front 55

influence selves by observing own behavior

theory that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as would someone observing us, but looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs

Back 55

self perception theory

Front 56

beliefs that nothing can hurt the group

Back 56

delusion of unique invulnerability

Front 57

2 or more people, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as "us"

Back 57

group

Front 58

why do we join groups (4)

Back 58

fulfill survival needs

fulfill needs to reach unanimous, task specific decisions

fulfill psychological needs for belonging, social support, and self-esteem

fulfill psychological needs for individual/group level social comparison

Front 59

audience effects: (2)

Back 59

competent/dominate skills --> social facilitation (performance gows up); arousal--> effort

incompetent/subordinate skill --> social inhibition (performance goes down

Front 60

loss of self-identity and self awareness (temporary) becomes more connected to larger group

loss of self awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad

Back 60

deindividuation

Front 61

consensus is harder than majority rules; majority rules (easier), consensus/unanimity (harder). confesses is more difficult in group decisions.

Back 61

group decision making

Front 62

group cohesion is improved through goal directed behavior (4)

Back 62

interpersonal attraction - group members like each other

proximity (physical closeness) - members are around each other regularly

agreement with an adherence to group norms - group members do not deviate from group norms

goal achievement - the group is successful at moving toward its goals

Front 63

a "we feeling" the extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction to each other

Back 63

cohesiveness

Front 64

interpersonal/task oriented

Back 64

cohesiveness

Front 65

the mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action

Back 65

group think

process leads to faulty, irrational group judgments

Front 66

causes of groupthink (3)

Back 66

high desires for unanimity

high cohesiveness

decisional stress

Front 67

symptoms of groupthink (7)

Back 67

illusions of invulnerability (beliefs that nothing can hurt the group)

rationalization

stereotyped views of the enemy

conformity pressures

self censorship

illusions of unanimity (erroneous beliefs that everyone is in agreement)

mindguarding - protecting the group from conflict information

Front 68

prevention of groupthink - leader (4)

Back 68

assign role of critical evaluator to each member

remain impartial

encourage discussion outside with trusted aides

play devils advocate

Front 69

prevent of groupthink - group (4)

Back 69

break into subgroups for discussions

bring in outside experts

focus on possible outcomes and reactions

focus on possible outcomes and reactions

re-evaluate decisions

Front 70

when someone intentionally does less when part of a group

Back 70

social loafing

Front 71

match the style of leadership to the situation

Back 71

situational leadership

Front 72

more direct telling people what to do

organizes work

sets standards

focuses on goals

Back 72

task oriented

Front 73

wants people to participate,wants input from followers

builds teamwork

mediates conflict

offers support

Back 73

social leader

Front 74

helpful approach of solving complex problems

get control of disorganized situation assign different roles to each group (CSI, etc.)

Back 74

transactive memory systems

Front 75

maintaining destructive obedience

Back 75

authorization

routinization

dehumanization

Front 76

permitted or justified obedience, obedience becomes sanctioned by authority

Back 76

authorization

Front 77

desensitization to consequences of obedience, obedience becomes a habit

Back 77

routinization

Front 78

victims are stripped of human qualities

Back 78

dehumanization