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181 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A _______ consists of an organized collection of beliefs and feelings about oneself
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Schema
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What are the top 6 components of self-concepts?
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Ascribed Characteristics
Interpersonal Attributes Social Differentiation Interests and Activities Internalized Beliefs Self-Awareness |
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True or false: One's self-concept is purely individual
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False, self-concepts are not purely individual
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True or false: Once a person has established a self-concept, that self-concept stays the same.
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False, self-concepts can change depending on the time, place, and context.
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How is self-concept developed?
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Through maturation and through socialization
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Who wrote the "Looking Glass Self"? What is this about?
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Cooley, the idea of the Looking Glass Self is the idea of viewing yourself through others perceptions
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__________ is the process of learning one's culture and how to be a member of society
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Socialization
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Mead had a theory about childhood play, what were the three concepts?
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1. Imitation - learn what parents do
2. Play (single role-play behavior) plays mom / teacher / student - one role 3. Game (multiple role-play behavior) - change from teacher to student 1. Imitation - copy what parents do 2. Play (single role-play behavior) plays mom / teacher / student - one role 3. Game (multiple role-play behavior) - change from teacher to student |
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In what stage of development does Mead believe self-concept is developed?
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The second stage, play
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A _______ consists of an organized collection of beliefs and feelings about oneself
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Schema
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True or false: Media shapes stereotypes
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True
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What are the top 6 components of self-concepts?
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Ascribed Characteristics
Interpersonal Attributes Social Differentiation Interests and Activities Internalized Beliefs Self-Awareness |
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True or false: One's self-concept is purely individual
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False, self-concepts are not purely individual
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True or false: Once a person has established a self-concept, that self-concept stays the same.
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False, self-concepts can change depending on the time, place, and context.
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How is self-concept developed?
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Through maturation and through socialization
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Who wrote the "Looking Glass Self"? What is this about?
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Cooley, the idea of the Looking Glass Self is the idea of viewing yourself through others perceptions
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__________ is the process of learning one's culture and how to be a member of society
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Socialization
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Mead had a theory about childhood play, what were the three concepts?
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1. Imitation - learn what parents do
2. Play (single role-play behavior) plays mom / teacher / student - one role 3. Game (multiple role-play behavior) - change from teacher to student 1. Imitation - copy what parents do 2. Play (single role-play behavior) plays mom / teacher / student - one role 3. Game (multiple role-play behavior) - change from teacher to student |
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In what stage of play does Mead believe self-concept is developed?
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The second stage, play
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True or false: Media shapes stereotypes
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True
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What are the four key points about self-concept?
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1. We have many self-concepts
2. Self-concepts change with context and time 3. Self-concepts are influenced by society 4. We are able to modify our self-concepts |
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True or false: an individual has one self-concept
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False, individuals have more than one self-concept
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Mead theorized that _____ is a process in which we construct a sense of who we
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The self. Key point here: the self is a lifelong process, self-concept is just a snapshot of the "Self"
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What is the difference between "I" and "Me"? Give an example
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"I" are your subjective desires, "Me" is your objective self, the "me" disciplines the "I"
for example: "I" want to scream in the middle of the library because I am so frustrated "Me": No, you cannot do that because it is a norm that the library is a place of silence |
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What is the "Dramaticturgical Perspective"?
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A concept by Goffman that says that social interaction is one big theater, we are all social actors in our own "play", we do impression management when presenting ourselves to others
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What is self-efficacy?
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Belief in oneself and one's abilities to succeed
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Do self-concepts change when roles change?
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Yes, self-concepts differ across roles, we think differently of ourselves based on the role we are playing.
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What is "core self"? Give an example.
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A person's core self means there is consistency in their self-concepts, for example, if a person is patient at their job, at home with their kids, and with their friends, patience is a part of their core self.
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What is "self monitoring"? Give an example
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The tendency of individuals to regulate their behavior on the basis of external events or the reactions of other people. For example, after a big fight with my boyfriend, I still go to work with a smile on my face
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How is self-esteem measured?
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Rosenberg self-esteem scale
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True or false: some roles are more important to us and have a greater effect our self-concepts
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True, if a person values being a mother very highly and is an awful mother, it will affect her self-concept more severely than if she did not value being a good mother.
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What is "global self-esteem"?
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Our overall level of self-esteem is the product of all individual evaluations, with each identity weighted according to its salience
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Give an example of how self-esteem affects behavior
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High self-esteem more confident
Low self-esteem more socially anxious |
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What are the two social-psychological processes that maintain self-esteem?
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Social reflection - When identifying ourselves with the outstanding accomplishments of those who are close to us - "knowing" Jeremy Lin makes Prof. Gu makes her feel better about herself, self-esteem is reinforced
Social comparison - : when you compare yourself with someone who has achieved more than you, the impact is negative on your self-esteem and vise versa |
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What is self-concept? What are the major components of self-concepts?
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Self-concept is a snapshot of the self-process at a given point in time; Rosenberg says the self-concept is the sum total of thoughts and feelings we have about ourselves as objects. The major components of self-concept are:
1. We have more than one self-concept 2. Our self-concepts change in different contexts & at different points in time 3. Self-concepts are influenced by society 4. Individuals can also consciously change or modify their self-concepts |
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What is the self? How does “the self” differ from “self-concept”?
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The Self is a process in which we construct a sense of who we are through interaction with others. It is a PROCESS, so it changes over time. The difference between the self and self-concepts is that a self-concept is a snapshot, whereas the self is an ongoing, changing process.
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Explain the concept of “possible selves.”
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Possible selves are mental representations of what we might become or should become in the future. For example: my possible self will be 1 million dollars richer
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How are self-concepts developed?
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Mead believes that self-concepts are developed in the second stage of childhood play: “Play”, or single-role behavior. Example: child plays mom / teacher / student (does not change between roles)
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Explain Cooley’s concept of “looking-glass self.” Use an example to illustrate this concept.
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The “Looking-Glass Self” is an idea that a person’s idea of their self is a reflection of how other people see us. For example, if you are giving a speech and people keep yawning and frowning, you might think of yourself as a bad speaker. If many of your friends confide in you with their secrets, you may see yourself as trustworthy or a good friend.
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Explain Mead’s theory of the self. Use an example to illustrate this theory.
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In Mead’s theory of the self, the “I” refers to the subject of awareness, the self as the knower, and the active perceiver whereas the “Me” is the organized set of attitudes toward the self, based on the views of significant others, such as friends and family and society as a whole. “I” is impulsive, “M” can be thought of as your internal societal “mother”, keeping your actions in line. Mead believes society resides in the “Me”. For example “I”: I want to wear my pajamas to school today, “Me”: No, you are giving a presentation and it is not socially acceptable to wear cartoon pajama pants during a formal speech.
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Who is the author of The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life?
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Erving Goffman
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What is self-ideal discrepancy? Use an example to illustrate this concept.
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Self-ideal discrepancy is when we realize a discrepancy between our actual self and our ideal self; individuals experience anxiety when they feel they have not fulfilled their duties and obligations. For example, if Tom values abstinence highly and then has a bunch of promiscuous sex, they might be feeling a discrepancy between his actual self (promiscuous) and his ideal self (abstinent).
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What is self-esteem? What are the major sources of self-esteem?
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Self-esteem is the emotional reaction to the self; it is the positive or negative evaluation of our self as an object. It answers the question, “How good am I?” Self-esteem can both cognitively and affectively react to the self. The major sources of self-esteem are: family experience such as parent / child relationships, performance feedback such as school or sports, and social comparisons, or comparing yourself with others.
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What are the two models that explain the social-psychological process of maintaining self- esteem? Use examples to illustrate these two models.
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The two models are social reflection and social comparison. Social reflection is when we identify with the outstanding accomplishments of those who are “close” to us. For example, “knowing” Jeremy Lin makes Dr. Gu feel better about herself – self-esteem is reinforced. Social comparison is when we compare ourselves with others, either upward or downward. For example, when you compare yourself with someone who got a better grade on an assignment that is an upward comparison and can result in a negative impact on self-esteem.
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What is self-efficacy?
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Self-efficacy is a person’s confidence in one’s ability to perform tasks, reach a goal, overcome an obstacle, etc
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Explain Goffman’s concepts of the impressions that people “give” vs. “give off” to others
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We give and also give off impressions to others. For example, you can try to impress a potential employer by wearing (what you think is) nice clothing, but you cannot ensure that the employer will find your clothes appropriate. So, there are impressions given (what impression you THINK you are giving) and impressions given off (the other person’s impression of you).
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Explain the major argument of identity theory.
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The major arguments of Sheldon Stryker’s identity theory are
1. Behavior is based on an already defined and classified world 2. Positions in society are among the things classified in the world 3. People develop their identities based on societal positions 4. We incorporate our social positions into our senses of identity; our positions become part of our senses of self 5. Social behavior is derived from the shaping and modifying of the expectations of our positions |
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Explain the major argument of identity control theory
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The main argument behind this theory is that we are constantly seeking confirmation of our self-meanings. Identity control theory argues that self-consistency is as important as or more important to people than maintain a positive self-image.
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Explain the major argument of social identity theory
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According to social identity theory, we carry self-definitions that match all the categories to which we belong; our social identities describe to us who we are, provide us with information about how to behave, and tell us how we should evaluate other people. The theory argues that people define themselves, in part, by their group memberships.
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What is impression management? Give an example.
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Impression management refers to the ways individuals seek to control the impressions they covey to other people. It is a social process, involving more than just our own behavior. For example, I am going on a date with my boyfriend and I want to him to get the impression that I am sexy, so I will wear high heels and a short dress.
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What is core-self? Give an example.
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Core-self is a person’s consistency within their self-concepts. For example, Laura, Tom and Shahin all exhibit smoldering sexiness from role-to-role (student, employee, friend, etc.), they are all consistent within their self-concepts.
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What is the situated self? Give an example.
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The situated self is a temporally based sense of who we are. For example, for the brief time that Shahin is interviewing for a job at DejaVu, he may really believe that he would make a good stripper and would take the job seriously and get many tips. That perspective changes after he leaves the interview and talks to Tom and Laura.
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What are role-specific self-concepts? Give an example.
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Role specific self-concepts are the internalized expectations associated with different positions; self-concepts differ across roles, we think differently of ourselves based on the role we are playing. For example, a person who is a coach of a soccer team has a different self-concept within that role than when he is playing the role of husband to his wife.
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What is mattering? Give an example.
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Mattering refers to our sense that we are important to other people. We have an intrinsic need to feel that we are needed by those around us; Durkheim theorizes that there is a link between mattering and well-being. For example, a person is less likely to want to commit suicide if they feel like they matter and are important to others.
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What is self-monitoring? Give an example.
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Self-monitoring is the tendency of individuals to regulate their behavior on the basis of external events or the reactions of other people. For example, after a fight with his girlfriend, the Verizon sales representative still puts a smile on his face during work because customers expect salesmen to be cheerful and helpful, not sulky.
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What are the stages of self-development in childhood?
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According to Mead, these are the stages of self-development in childhood:
1. Preparatory stage – In this stage, children mimic the attitudes and behaviors of their parents. This stage provides the cognitive information necessary for children to act out other’s roles. 2. Play stage – In this stage, children begin to use language to make believe as they play others’ roles. A child may start pretending that she is a firefighter or a teacher. In this stage, a child takes on one role at a time 3. Game Stage – In this stage, children are capable of managing several different roles at the same time. For instance, they are able to predict their opponents’ interactions during a game of soccer. |
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Explain front-stage vs. back-stage.
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Goffman described two regions of impression formation and management: front stage and back stage. Goffman’s front stage is the place where we present ourselves to others, and the back stage is where we relax and maybe practice our performances. For example, Shahin wanted to sound serious and polite when approaching Todd Curry about his test grade (front stage), but later at lunch with Tom and Laura, he talks shit about how much of a scum bag his professor is (back stage).
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What is mastery? Give an example.
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Mastery refers to our perceptions of our ability to control our environments; mastery is similar to self-efficacy. For example, even though Tom failed his Microbiology exam, he does not react severely because he has a high sense of mastery and he truly believes he is capable of doing better in the future.
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What is the Pygmalion effect? Give an example.
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The Pygmalion effect is the idea that teacher expectations can influence students’ intellectual development. For example, if a child is deemed a “slow learner” and put into special education or title one classes, c academic responsibilities are limited and therefore they do not do as well as the other children.
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What is gender identity? How is gender identity formed?
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Gender Identity the part of self-concept that involves a person’s identification as a male or female. It is an individual’s specific definition of self, based on that person’s understanding of what it means to be a man or a woman. Gender identity is LEARNED through socialization. It is constructed through social, political, economic, and cultural experiences in a given society.
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What is gender socialization?
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Gender socialization is learning of the expectations about how to behave in relation to one’s gender. Families are a key component in this. For example, children simply model the behavior of their parents. If a child sees the mother doing more housework than the father, they will understand that that part of a woman’s role is to do housework.
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Explain the concept of “sex typing”
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Males and females are expected to acquire gender/sex specific skills, and either male or feminine personality traits, based on how society views and defines individuals. For example, an expectant mother uses “sex typing” by buying her future son blue clothes, toy monster trucks, and light sabers.
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Illustrate some gender stereotypes of men and of women.
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It is a stereotype that women should stay at home, barefoot and pregnant and cook, dust and vacuum. Another stereotype is that blonde women are dumb. It is a stereotype that men like sports and beer and should be the head of the household, the provider and the protector. Another male stereotype is that men who play hockey like to sleep with a lot of women.
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What are referential beliefs? Give an example.
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In status characteristics theory, beliefs held in common by people about the usual relationships between particular status characteristics and reward beliefs. If a particular characteristic is consistently found to act as a status characteristic, then more people will hold referential beliefs associated with the characteristic.
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What is the Life Course?
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According to Glen Elder, the Life Course is the study of the life course is assessing the process of change from infancy to late adulthood, resulting from individual and societal events and from transitions into and out of social roles. There are four major themes:
1. Historical and social context (how time and place affect development) 2. Timing (incidence, duration, and sequence of roles over the life course) 3. Linked lives (our relationships with other people 4. Agency (our ability to make decisions and control our destinies) |
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What are some agents of socialization?
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Agents of socialization are groups most influential in the process of teaching children the norms and values of a particular culture. Examples include: family, schools, workplaces, ethnic groups, peer groups, religion, and mass media
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How does gender identity affect self-concepts? Use examples to illustrate your answer.
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Gender identity affects self-concepts because it is PART of self-concept, it affects the way we see ourselves, how we are socialized, and how we understand what it means to be a man / woman. For example, since Tom has been a little boy, his father has always told him how strong he was. He has learned, then, that part of what it means to be a man is that you must be tough and strong.
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Explain the differences between the two concepts of “identity” and “identification”.
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Identity describes how individuals label themselves as members of specific groups, identification refers to the process in which identities are learned, contested and negotiated. There are racial, social class, and gender identities.
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Explain contextual dissonance
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Rosenberg found that contextual dissonance is the feeling that minority students feel many of the same peer pressures found in more homogeneous classrooms but also must cope with the feeling that they stand apart from other students. Rosenberg’s research shows that contextual dissonance, whether based on class, race, or ability, may reduce students’ self-esteem.
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Explain Jean Phinney’s theory of ethnic identity formation (3 stages of forming racial identity).
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Phinney identifies 3 stages of progression when it comes to forming a racial identity
1. “Unexamined ethnic identity” – prior to adolescence, knowledge of one’s ethnicity is absorbed, children give ethnicity little to no thought. 2. “Ethnic Identity Search” – Once adolescence begins, individuals become more aware of their ethnicity (sometimes due to discrimination) and wish to explore more about their ethnicity 3. “Ethnic Identity Achievement” – This stage is characterized by clarity about one’s ethnic identity. The achievement phase includes a secure, confident, and stable sense of self. |
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What are social identities?
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A person’s social identity is their internalized, table sense of who they are, including role identities, social categories, and personal characteristics. Hence, identity includes our understanding of our unique nature as well as our social roles.
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How is a person’s racial identity formed?
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Socialization
Social Interaction |
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What is the Twenty Statements Test?
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A test developed by Manford Kuhn and Thomas McPartland as a way of assessing individuals’ self-concepts by answering the question of “Who am I?”
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What is Physical Self?
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The physical self is a dimension of the Twenty Statements Test (Kuhn and McPartland) referring to our physical characteristics such as hair color or height
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What is Social Self?
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The social self is a dimension of the Twenty Statements Test (Kuhn and McPartland) referring to roles and statuses such as student, daughter or son, or gender.
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What is the Reflective Self?
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The reflective self is a dimension of the Twenty Statements Test (Kuhn and McPartland) referring to our feelings and traits such as being shy or kindhearted.
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What is Oceanic Self?
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The oceanic self is a dimension of the Twenty Statements Test (Kuhn and McPartland) referring to a holistic description of the self, different from the physical, social, and reflective self.
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What is Categorization?
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In social identity theory, the process through which we draw sharp dividing lines between group membership categories and assign people (including ourselves) to relevant categories. For example, when I first met Tom, I automatically categorized him as a “Ginger”.
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What is Dramaturgical Sociology?
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An idea by Goffman, the study of how we present ourselves, playing roles and managing impressions during the interactions with other people. We are all “actors” who do “lines” on “stage”; we use impression management when presenting ourselves to others.
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What is Emotional Arousal?
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Inferences about our abilities based on our emotional states that we use to build our sense of mastery.
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What is Self-Indication?
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Self-Indication is Blumer’s idea that we use language to think internally. We can have conversations with ourselves just as we can with other people. We can internally negotiate the meanings of objects, including our sense of self. Our “I” negotiates with our “Me”.
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True or False: Society resides within the “I”
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False, society resides in the “Me”. Because we have human agency (the ability to make choices about our actions) the “I” is able to act based on the “Me”
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What is the Affect-Control theory?
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Incorporates elements of both SI and identity theory to explain the role of emotion; the affect-control theory states that emotions serve as signals about how well we are producing our identities and reproducing others’ identities. For example, Shahin gets an A on his Political Science exam, the positive feelings he gets from doing well on the exam serves as a sign that he is acting in accordance to being a good student (part of his identity).
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What are the four sources of self-concept?
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1. Social comparisons – using others as a point of reference
2. Reflected appraisals – ways we believe others view us 3. Psychological centrality – shift aspects of self to become more / less important to self-concept 4. Self-perceptions – observations of our behavior and its consequences |
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What is the difference between the self-consistency motive and the self-esteem motive?
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Viktor Gecas argues that individuals are motivated by the self-consistency motive to maintain a consistent sense of self and the self-esteem motive, the desire to maintain positive self-images.
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What is Psychological Centrality?
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Psychological Centrality is our ability to shift aspects of the self to become more or less important to our overall self. For example, if Tom makes awful, disgusting pizzas, it may not have a large impact on his sense of self because he does not consider making pizzas important to his overall self.
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What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
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Give an example.
A self-fulfilling prophecy is the idea that if you do not believe that you can do something, you may not even try. For example, Tom does not think he can pick up a beautiful girl, and Shahin and Laura also tell him, “Tom, there is no way you could hit that ass!” Tom then believes he will not succeed so therefore he does not even try, hence fulfilling his prophecy. |
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What are the sources of self-efficacy?
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1. Personal accomplishments – most important source of self-efficacy in adulthood
2. Vicarious experience s- seeing other people performing tasks, “Hey, if they can do it, I can do it!” 3. Verbal persuasion – “Shahin and Tom, I believe you are capable of getting an A on this exam” 4. Emotional arousal – inferences about our abilities based on our emotional states |
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What does it mean to take the role of the other? What is the generalized other?
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Taking the role of “the other” is an essential aspect of self-development; it is the ability to understand the perspectives of other people. The generalized other refers to our perceptions of the attitudes of the whole community; hence, we can imagine how other people in general would react to a thought or behavior. For example, although I would love to smoke a cigarette inside the library whilst studying, I do not because the generalized other would not find this socially acceptable.
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What are the three ways in which children mold specific roles in order to meet the needs of peer groups?
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1. Children take information from the adult world to create stable routines
2. Children use language to manipulate adult models to address specific needs of peer culture 3. Children improvise “sociodramatic” play to acquire the dispositions necessary to manage their daily lives In summary, children use the patterns of behavior learned from their parents, siblings, and others to help them decide how to interact with other people. |
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What are Life Events?
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Life events are any experiences that cause significant changes in the course of our lives. Life events do not occur in a vacuum; we experience them with other people, and we learn about the world through social institutions such as family and education.
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What is a birth cohort?
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A birth cohort refers to a group of people born within the same time period, typically referred to as a “generation”. The baby boomers would be an example of a birth cohort. Several studies show that people from different cohorts appear to be different in social psychological outcomes. Birth cohorts are important because they relate to exposure to specific historical events and changes. Glen Elder is an important theorist concerned with life-course theory and birth cohorts.
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What are the four themes of life-course sociology?
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1. Historical time and place
2. Agency 3. Linked lives 4. Timing |
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What is a turning point?
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A turning point happens when the “normal trajectory” in our lives is interrupted, when we break with our own or society’s expectations of established life stages. Turning points can be difficult to study because individuals may have different subjective understandings of those events. War, divorce, or large destructive storms can be referred to as a turning point.
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What are linked lives?
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This is the idea that people lead interdependent lives, events occurring for individuals affect the other people in their lives and vise-versa. For example, if my computer was stolen, it would affect me personally, but it would also affect Tom and Shahin because they would lose an awesome study guide. Another example, a study found that people who knew 9/11 victims were more likely to disapprove of President Bush because they had personal ties with victims.
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What is the second major agent of socialization?
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Schools are the second major agent of socialization. Children are placed in large, homogeneous classrooms in which peer influences dominate the social context, above and beyond the effects of families.
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According to research by Patricia and Peter Adler, cliques can be divided into what four groups?
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1. The popular clique – those with most friends, they have the most control over peer culture
2. The wannabes – those who want to be popular but aren’t quite accepted as such 3. The middle friendship circles – smaller circles of friends, less hierarchical than previous 2 4. The social isolates – trouble establishing relationships, behavioral problems, trouble relating |
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Viktor Gecas argued that peer-group socialization includes what 3 areas of child development?
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1. Development and validation of self
2. Development of competence in the presentation of self 3. Acquisition of knowledge not provided by parents or schools |
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What are the 3 main agents of socialization?
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1. Family
2. Schools 3. Peers |
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From an interactionist perspective, most children learn to relate by what?
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From an interactionist perspective, most children learn to relate by adapting adult roles and practicing them before becoming independent members of society
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What are idiocultures?
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Idiocultures are a system of knowledge, beliefs, behaviors, and customs shared by an interacting group to which members refer and employ as a basic of further interaction. For example, a youth baseball team would be considered an idiocultures.
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Which theorist talked about the "I" and the "Me"?
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George Mead
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A high school graduate leaves his hometown to go to college. He joins Habitat for Humanity because he was a part of that organization in high school and service is important to him. What theory is closely linked to this example?
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Identity Control Theory, this theory proposes that self-consistency is as important or more important to people than maintaining a positive self-image.
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Nathan thinks he is a great basketball player, however, during an important game, he fumbles the ball. Immediately he has bad feelings. What theory is closely linked to this example?
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Affect-control theory, the idea that emotions serve as signals about how well we are "living up to" our identities.
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True or false: Stryker observed two things: We are driven to maintain positive impressions, and other people are driven to help support our impressions.
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False, Goffman observed these things
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What theorist is closely linked to the idea of front stage / back stage?
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Goffman
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Because of globalization and technological advances such as the internet and smart phones, we can interact with many different others from around the world very quickly. This creates a "__________", or inability to know who we really are, because we are playing so many roles at once, and we have so many others with whom we receive different feedback.
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Multiphrenia
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True or false: Scholars from the symbolic interactionism perspective focus on how our social positions and relationships affect our self and identity.
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False, the answer is scholars from the SSP perspective.
Scholars from the SI perspective focus on the changing nature of the self and study the self qualitatively and through self-narratives. |
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True or false: self-concept answers the question, "How good am I?"
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False, self-esteem answers the question, "How good am I?"
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Researchers from the _____ perspective often study the relationship between social positions and the self-concept in the form of self-esteem, mastery, and mattering.
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Social Structure and Personality perspective
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True or false: Self-esteem has two dimensions: we can both cognitively and affectively react to the self.
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True! We can THINK poorly of ourselves and FEEL bad about ourselves and vise versa
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"_________ __________" are the ways in which we believe others view us.
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Reflected appraisals
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"_________ __________" is our ability to shift aspects of the self to become more or less important to our overall self-concept
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Psychological centrality
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"_________ __________" are observations of our own behavior and its consequences
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Self-perceptions
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"_________ __________" refer to using other people and groups as a point of reference for our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
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Social comparisons
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Social Comparisons
Self-Perceptions Psychological Centrality Reflected Appraisals These are..... |
The four sources of self-concept
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Of the four sources of self-concept, which has the strongest effect on self-esteem for both men and women?
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Reflected appraisals, or, our sense of how others view us.
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True or false: mattering serves as a primary element of the self-concept.
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False, self-esteem serves as the primary element of self-concept
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The link between mattering and well-being is related to the work of which sociologist?
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Emile Durkheim
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Emile Durkheim argued that people who are more integrated into society are better and are less likely to do what?
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Commit suicide
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The "________ _____" refers to physical characteristics such as hair color or height
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Physical self
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The "________ _____" refers to roles and statuses, such as student, daughter, son, and gender.
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Social self
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The "________ _____" refers to our feelings and traits such as being shy or kindhearted
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Reflective self
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The "________ _____" refers to those dimensions of the self that are holistic and do not easily fit into the categories of physical, social, or reflective
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Oceanic self
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True or false: young children showed the highest effect of class on self-esteem.
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False, findings from Rosenberg and Pearlin's research showed that children showed NO EFFECT of class on self-esteem
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Which researchers attempt to study the impact of our social position on our self-concept?
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Social Structure and Personality Perspective researchers "
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"_______ ________" Theory argues that people define themselves by their group membership.
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Social Identity
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This theory argues that women tend to act in ways that are gender-stereotypical for women in our society.
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Social Identity Theory
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This theory argues that when identities are salient, we will view members of other groups in ways that are stereotypical for their group.
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Social Identity Theory
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Social Identity Theory argues that we engage in two processes that allow us to draw favorable comparisons between our own groups and other groups, what are these two processes?
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Categorization
Self-enhancement |
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As humans, we not only see ourselves in terms of category memberships but also seek to assign other people to social categories, what is this process called?
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Categorization
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When students at WMU compare themselves or their identities with students at KVCC, social identity theory would expect WMU students to make comparisons most favorable to their own groups. So, even though KVCC is dramatically cheaper and has smaller classes, more access to profs. etc., WMU students will ignore this and focus on something such as the diverse population or the many opportunities available. Which process does this exemplify?
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The self-enhancement process of social identity theory, we tend to make comparisons that favor our own groups
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True or false: Dramaturgical sociology is a branch of SSP that studies impression formation and management
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False, while dramaturgical studies impression formation and management, it is a branch of Symbolic Interactionism, not SSP
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Give an example of a vicarious experience.
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When I was 15, I did not believe I could successfully get my drivers license. Once I saw my friend get her license though, I was able to realize that I too would pass my drivers test.
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A child mimics her mother by repeating her short phrases, even though she does not know what they mean. According to Mead, what stage of development is she in?
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Preparatory stage, this stage provides the cognitive information necessary for children to act out other people's roles.
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A child got in trouble while pretending to be Batman. When his father sent him to time-out, the child cried, "But Batman doesn't go in time out!". According to Mead, what stage of development is this child in?
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The play stage, the stage in which children begin to use language to make believe as they play others' roles.
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A child is playing a game of UNO with her brothers. Before she plays her "Skip" card, she can imagine how mad this is going to make her brother. According to Mead, what stage of development is this child in?
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The game stage. This girl is capable of situating herself a midst several different roles, she is able to imagine what her brother will feel when he is skipped.
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1. Historical and social context
2. Timing 3. Linked lives 4. Agency These four themes tie in to which sociological concept? Who was the theorist behind these concepts? |
These are four major themes in Life Course Sociology, according to sociologist Glen Elder.
This perspective investigates how the larger social world influences how individuals develop and change over time. |
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True or false: Sociologist generally view agents of socialization as mediators of the larger society, rather than direct causes of socialization
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True, families may affect child development directly through parenting techniques, but those techniques reflect larger cultural patterns
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According to Waite and Gallaher, what are the two reasons children from single-parent families struggle?
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1. Single-parent families earn less $
2. Single-parent families lack same social resources available to two-parent families (less time and energy) |
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True or false: Research done by Rosenberg has found that contextual dissonance, whether based on class, race, or ability, may reduce students' sense of self-esteem
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True!
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Students that stand out from the rest of their classmates feel "_________ _______", that may reduce students' senses of self-esteem.
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Contextual dissonance
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What Sociologist studied the culture of "hooking up" on college campuses?
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Kathleen Bogle. She determined that the role of peers in college is most pronounced in the practice of hooking up because it develops and is taught among peers, not from any other agent of socialization.
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What is considered the most successful theory in the group processes tradition?
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Status characteristics theory because it helps us understand how the contributions of women and minority group members have become devalued in our society.
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"______ __________" Theory describes the process through which the characteristics that people posses lead to inequalities in groups; people develop expectations for the performances of people in groups based on their characteristics
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Status Characteristics
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While working in a group, you notice one group member is wearing a suit and tie and is speaking more often and more fluently than any other member, because of these characteristics, you expect him to perform at a higher level. What theory is this most closely related to?
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Status characteristics theory, people (often unconsciously) develop expectations for the performances of people in groups based on their characteristics.
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True or false: race and gender are status characteristics.
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True, race and gender are status characteristics. Contributions from women / minority races tend to be devalued in our society as compared to men / white folks.
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True or false: Shelley Correll sought to investigate how race differences in career choices emerge.
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False, Shelley Correll was concerned with how GENDER differences in career choices emerge.
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According to ________'s theory, people will generally only consider careers in math, science, and engineering if they believe that they have the necessary skills for these careers.
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Shelly Correll, she found that students, parents and teachers associate mathematical ability with masculinity and not verbal skills.
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Status characteristics theory can tell us about socialization process by exposing the _________ ______ that guide people in groups
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Referential beliefs
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The group processes perspective often examines the role of socialization _______ it has occurred
A. Before B. After |
B. After, GP sociologists examine socialization after it has occurred, reviewing, for instance, how expectations about gender or race affect group interactions.
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There are ____ subspecies of humans.
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Zero, we are one species
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True or false: racial groups are categories based on superficial traits.
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True, although these traits are genetic, they are relatively insignificant when compared to other genetic traits.
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True or false: There is less genetic variability within families and races than there is between them
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False! There is MORE genetic variability within families and races than there is between them
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Richard Lewontin said that almost ___% of total human genetic diversity occurs within populations we call "races"
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94%
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Is race biologically determined?
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No, race is culturally and socially determined
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Does everyone go through the 3 phases of ethnic identity (Phinney)?
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No, some people go their whole lives in phase 1
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Who coined the term "androgyny"?
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Sandra Bem
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What was the Sex Role Inventory? Who created it?
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The Sex Role Inventory was a scale crated by Sandra Bem to categorize an individual's personality as either masculine, feminine, androgynous, or undifferentiated
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What were the four "sex role" categories created by Sandra Bem?
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Masculine
Feminine Androgynous Undifferentiated |
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What is androgyny?
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An individual who possesses both traditional masculine and feminine characteristics
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What are the three ways gender stereotypes affect self-concepts?
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- Body image
- Self-esteem - Self-efficacy |
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What is "learned helplessness" and what are its repercussions?
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Learned helplessness is the idea that girls learn to be helpless thru socialization (the prince saves the princess), it impacts girls' self-efficacy.
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What are the 5 theoretical perspectives on gender identity?
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1. Identification Theory
2. Social Learning Theory 3. Cognitive Development Theory 4. Symbolic Interactionism 5. Social Structure and Personality Perspective |
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What is the main argument of Gender Identification Theory?
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Children learn gender-appropriate behaviors by identifying with their same-sex parent. (Freudian psychoanalytic perspective)
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What is the main argument of Gender Social Learning Theory?
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Believes socialization is key, changing rewards and punishments can change behavior, children learn their gender this way.
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What is the main argument of Gender Cognitive-development Theory / Gender Schema Theory
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Gender is seen as two FIXED categories, as children develop their cognition, gender becomes an organizing schema
They use this schema to organize information about culturally important male and female attributes and behavior (sex typing) |
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What is the main argument of SSP on gender identity?
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One's gender is influenced by their structural positions such as race and social class.
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What is the main argument of SI perspective on Gender Identity?
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Gender is something we "do", gender is accomplished through interactions with others, people are constantly creating and re-creating gender in social interactions.
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__________ sees gender as fixed
__________ sees gender as fluid (Psychology / Sociology? |
Psychology sees gender as fixed
Sociology sees gender as fluid |
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Who was behind the "doing gender" perspective?
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West and Zimmerman
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Of the five theoretical perspectives on gender identity, which are derived from sociology and which are derived from psychology?
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Psychology:
- Identification theory - Social learning theory - Cognitive development theory Sociology - Symbolic interactionism - Social structure and personality |
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Who came up with "The Intersection Perspective"?
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Lynn Weber
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Who was Billy Tipton?
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Billy Tipton was an American jazz musician who was born a female but identified as a male.
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Is a person's biological sex the same as their gender identity?
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Not always
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What are gender codes?
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Another term for gender stereotypes
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What theoretical gender identity perspective was based on the Freudian perspective that little boys identify with their fathers and little girls identify with their mothers?
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Identification Theory
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What theoretical gender identity perspective claimed that children learn their gender through socialization, specifically rewards and punishments?
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Social Learning Theory
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What theoretical gender identity perspective asserts that gender is seen as two fixed categories, and is an organizing schema?
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Cognitive-Developmental Theory / Gender Schema Theory
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What theoretical gender identity perspective claims that gender is something we "do"?
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The SI perspective on gender Identity
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What theoretical gender identity perspective claims that gender identity is strongly influenced by our structural positions such as race and social class?
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The SSP perspective on gender identity.
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