Social Psychology Exam 3

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social facilitation

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initially a term for enhanced performance in the presence of others; now a broader term for the effect, positive or negative, of the presence of others on performance

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dominant response

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in a hierarchy of responses, the response you are most likely to make

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evaluation apprehension

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a concern about how one appears in the eyes of others, that is, about being evaluated

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distraction-conflict theory

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a theory based on the idea that being aware of another person's presence creates a conflict between attending to that person and attending to the task at hand and that it is this attentional conflict that is arousing and that produces social facilitation effects

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social loafing

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the tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task in which individual contributions cannot be monitored

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propinquity

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physical proximity

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sociometric survey

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a survey that attempts to measure the interpersonal relationships in a group of people

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functional distance

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an architectural layout's propensity to encourage or inhibit certain activities, like contact between people

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counterbalancing

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a methodological procedure whereby an investigator makes sure that any extraneous variable, (for example, a stimulus person's name,) that might influence the dependent measure, (for example, the stimulus person a participant expects to meet and the stimulus person the participant does not expect to meet)

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mere exposure effect

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the finding that repeated exposure to a stimulus (for example, an object or person) leads to greater liking of the stimulus

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complementary

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the tendency for people to seek out others with characteristics that are different from and that complement their own

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halo effect

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the common belief-accurate or not-that attractive individuals possess a host of positive qualities beyond their physical appearance

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self-fulfilling prophecy

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the tendency for people to act in ways that elicit confirmation of a belief that they hold

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reproductive fitness

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the capacity to get one's genes passed on to subsequent generations

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intrasex competition

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direct competition among two or more males or among two or more females for access to members of the opposite sex

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intersex attraction

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the interest in and attraction toward a member of one sex on the part of a member of the opposite sex

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social exchange theory

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a theory based on the fact that there are costs and rewards in all relationships, and that how people feel about a relationship depends on their assessments of its costs and rewards, and the costs and rewards available to them in other relationships

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equity theory

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a theory that maintains that people are motivated to pursue fairness, or equity, in their relationships, with rewards and costs shared roughly equally among individuals

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interpersonal relationships

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attachments in which bonds of family or friendship or love or respect or hierarchy tie together two or more individuals over an extended period of time

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relational self theory

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a theory that examines how prior relationships shape our current beliefs, feelings, and interactions vis-a-vis people who reminds us of significant others from our past

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relational self

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the beliefs, feelings, and expectations about our selves that derive from our relationships with significant others in our lives

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self-expansion of relationships

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a theory that holds that people enter into and remain in close relationships to share information processing of events based on their knowledge of their partner's encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

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transactive memory

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the tendency for people in relationships to share information processing of events based on their knowledge of their partner's encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

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experience-sampling studies

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studies in which researchers provide participants with beepers and randomly signal them throughout the day so that the participants will provide information about what they are doing and how they are feeling at that precise moment

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social influence

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the myriad ways that people impact one another including change in attitudes, beliefs, feelings, and behavior, that result from the comments, actions, or even the mere presence of others

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conformity

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changing one's behavior or beliefs in response to explicit or implicit (whether real or imagined) pressure from others

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compliance

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responding favorably to an explicit request by another person

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obedience

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social influence in which the less powerful person in an unequal power relationship submits to the demands of the more powerful person

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ideomotor action

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the phenomenon whereby merely thinking about a behavior makes its actual performance more likely

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chameleon effect

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the nonconscious mimicry of the expressions, mannerisms, movements, and other behaviors of those with whom one is interacting

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autokinetic illusion

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the apparent motion of a stationary point of light in a completely darkened environment

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informational social influence

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the influence of other people that results from taking their comments or actions as a source of information as to what is correct, proper, or efficacious

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normative social influence

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the influence of other people that comes form the desire to avoid their disapproval, harsh judgments, and other social sanctions (for example, barbs, ostracism)

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internalization

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private acceptance of a proposition, orientation, or ideology

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public compliance

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agreeing with someone or advancing a position in public but continuing to believe something else in private

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norm of reciprocity

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a norm dictating that people should provide benefits to those who benefit them

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door-in-the-face technique (reciprocal concessions technique)

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asking someone for a very large favor that he or she will certainly refuse, and then following that request with one for a more modest favor (that tends to be seen as a concession that the target will feel compelled to honor)

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that's-not-all technique

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adding something to an original offer, which is likely to create some pressure to reciprocate

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foot-in-the-door technique

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a compliance technique in which one makes an initial small request to which nearly everyone complies, followed by a larger request involving the real behavior of interest

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negative state relief hypothesis

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the idea that people engage in certain actions, such as agreeing to a request, in order to relieve negative feelings and to feel better about themselves

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reactance theory

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reasserting prerogatives in response to the unpleasant state of arousal experienced by people when they believe their freedoms are threatened

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altruism

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unselfish behavior that benefits other without regard to the consequences for the self

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bystander intervention

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helping a victim of an emergency by those who have observed what is happening; it is generally reduced as the number of observers increases, as each individual feels that someone else will be likely to help

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diffusion of responsibility

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a reduction of a sense of urgency to help someone involved in an emergency or dangerous situation under the assumption that others who are also observing the situation will help

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kin selection

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the tendency for natural selection to favor behaviors that increase the chances of survival of genetic relatives

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reciprocal altruism

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the tendency to help other individuals with the expectation that they will be likely to help in return of some other nature

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social rewards

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benefits like praise, positive attention, tangible rewards, honors, and gratitude that may be gained from helping others

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experienced distress

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a motive for helping that may arise from a need to reduce one's own distress

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empathy

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identifying with another person and feeling and understanding what that person is experiencing

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duration neglect

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the relative unimportance of the length of an emotional experience, be it pleasurable or unpleasant, in judging the overall experience

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affective forecasting

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predicting our future emotions, for example, whether an event will make us happy or angry or sad, or for how long

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immune neglect

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the tendency to underestimate our capacity to be resilient in responding to difficult life events, which leads us to overestimate the extent to which life's difficulties will reduce our personal well-being

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focalism

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a tendency to focus too much on a central aspect of an event, while neglecting to consider the impact of ancillary aspects of the events or the impact of other events