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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Psychology
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The scientific field that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behavior and thought in social situations
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The scientific field that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behavior and thought in social situations
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Social Psychology
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Goals of Social Psychology
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1. Scientific Study
2. Focus on behavior 3. Seek to understand cause of social behavior |
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What does SCIENTIFIC STUDY entail?
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Accuracy
Objectivity Skepticism Open-mindedness |
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Why is it important to be open-minded during a scientific study?
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What you find might not be what you expected
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What are the causes of social behavior?
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Actions of others
1.Cognitive Processes 2.Environmental Impact 3.Cultural Influence (society) 4.Biological (genetics) |
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Social Psychology Research Methods
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1.Systematic Observation
2.Correlation Method 3.Experimentation |
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Systematic Observation
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A method of research in which behavior is systematically observed and recorded
(Naturalistic observation, survey method) |
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2 types of Systematic Observation
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Naturalistic Observation
Survey Method (sample must be representative) |
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A method of research in which behavior is systematically observed and recorded
(Naturalistic observation, survey method) |
Systematic Observation
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Correlation Method
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A method in which a scientist systematically observes 2 or more variable to determine whether changes in one are accompanied by changes in the another (hypothesize and assess)
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A method in which a scientist systematically observes 2 or more variable to determine whether changes in one are accompanied by changes in the another(hypothesize and assess)
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Correlation Method
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Experimentation
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A method of research in which one or more factors (I.V.)are changed to determine whether such variations affect one or more other factors (D.V.)
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A method of research in which one or more factors (I.V.)are changed to determine whether such variations affect one or more other factors (D.V.)
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Experimentation
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2 ways to interpret results
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statistics
meta-analysis |
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Social Theory
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frameworks for explaining various events or processes
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frameworks for explaining various events or processes
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Social Theory
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Use of Social Theory in Social Psychology
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1.Using existing evidence to frame an idea
2.make predictions or hypotheses 3.prove or disprove 4.formulate a new theory (repeated testing gives theory confidence) |
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Deception
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Temporary withholding of information so the study is not comprised
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Temporary withholding of information so the study is not comprised
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Deception
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Informed Consent
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-Acknowledgement signed by participant
-Release of liability -Choice to participate |
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Debriefing
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release of information, nature of the research
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Social Cognition
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the manner in which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about the social world
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the manner in which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about the social world
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Social Cognition
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Schemas
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mental frameworks centering around a specific theme that helps us organize social info
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mental frameworks centering around a specific theme that helps us organize social info
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Schemas
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How Schemas work (1,2,3)
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1.Attention- Notice
2.Encode- Storage 3.Retrieval- Recall |
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Priming
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preparing our thoughts (mentally framing)
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preparing our thoughts (mentally framing) is called
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Priming
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Preservance Effect
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Discredited Schema, Schema remains unchanged
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
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Predictions that come true (IQ experiment 1960's)
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Heuristics
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Simple rules for making complex decisions or drawing inferences in a rapid and seemingly effortless manner
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Simple rules for making complex decisions or drawing inferences in a rapid and seemingly effortless manner
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Heuristics
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4 Types of Heuristics
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1. Representativeness Heuristic
2. Availability Heuristic 3. Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic 4.Automatic Processing Heuristic |
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Representativeness Heuristic
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The more similar an individual is to typical members of a given group, the more likely he or she is to belong in that group; Judging by resemblance (Ex: Tiger Woods seems to be African American)
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Availability Heuristic
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Your first thoughts create a strong impact (Ex: 9/11); the easier it is to bring information to mind, the greater the impact on subsequent decisions
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Information Overload
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the demands on our cognitive system are greater than its capacity
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Priming
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increased availability of information as a resulting from exposure to specific stimuli or events (Ex: being frightened after a horror movie)
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Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
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using a number, value, etc, as a starting point and making adjustments based on it (Ex: Senior first day of class)
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Automatic Processing Heuristic
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After experience, performing an action is effortless, automatic, and nonconscious (Ex: Tooth Brushing)
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Errors in Social Cognition (Being rational is RARE)
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Negativity Bias
Optimistic Bias Overconfidence Bias Planning Fallacy Counterfactual Thinking Thought Supression Magical Thinking |
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Negativity Bias
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Greater sensitivity to negative information where ONE negative aspect could be the only one hat stands out among many positive (Ex: Perfect guy but he steals)
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Optimistic Bias
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One positive aspect stands out; "It'll be fine"
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Overconfidence Barrier
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The tendency to have more confidence in the accuracy of our judgements than is reasonable- Always think you're right
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Planning Fallacy
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our tendency to believe we can get more done in a period of time than we can
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Counterfactual Thinking
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The tendency to imagine other outcomes in a situation than the ones that actually occurred (What if)
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Thought Supression
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Trying not to think about certain topics (Ex: Chocolate Cake and Diet Coke)
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Magical Thinking
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Thinking on assumptions that don't hold up to rational scrutiny (Ex: Would you eat a chocolate shaped like a cockroach?)
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Affect
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Our current feelings and mood
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Our current feelings and mood
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Affect
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Does your mood affect your interaction?
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YES- Interviewers more likely to hire when in a good mood
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Mood Congruent Effects
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More likely to remember positive information in a positive mood and negative info in a negative mood
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Social perception
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The process through which we seek to know and understand other persons
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The process through which we seek to know and understand other persons
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Social perception
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3 Components of Social Perception
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1. Non-verbal communication
2. Attribution 3. Impression Formulation and Management |
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Non-Verbal Communication
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Communication between individuals that does not involve the content of spoken language.
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Communication between individuals that does not involve the content of spoken language.
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Non-Verbal Communication
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6 basic emotions
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1. Happy
2. Fear 3. Sad 4. Disgust 5. Anger 6. Surprise |
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Body Language consists of
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Gestures, Posture, Movements
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Is body language culturally universal?
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NO!
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Microexpressions
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communicate an emotion and then immediately another (the true expression shows for a split second)
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communicate an emotion and then immediately another (the true expression shows for a split second)
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Microexpressions
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Attribution
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The process through which we seek to identify the causes of others’ behavior and so gain knowledge of their stable traits and dispositions.
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The process through which we seek to identify the causes of others’ behavior and so gain knowledge of their stable traits and dispositions.
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Attribution
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Theory of Correspondent Inference
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We use the persons’ behavior as a way of predicting their normal traits.
Behavior must be freely chosen Must have non-common effects Must be low in social desirability |
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Kelley’s Theory of Causal Attributions
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1. Consensus-Everyone’s behavior- does everyone respond the same way
2. Consistency- Is it normal behavior for this particular person 3. Distinctiveness- Does this person respond to different stimuli the same way |
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Attribution: Sources of Error
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-Correspondence Bias
-Cultural Error -Actor-Observer Effect -Self-Serving Bias |
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Correspondence Bias
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Not taking into consideration any external influences
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Cultural Error
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We assume that everyone is like us OR we stereotype people by their culture
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Self-Serving Bias
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Good things are internal, bad things are external.
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Actor-Observer Effect
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Attributing our actions to external influence and others to an internal influence
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Formation
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The process by which we form impressions of other people.
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Management
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The process by which we try to put the most favorable impression forward when we meet people.
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