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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hindsight Bias |
we think we could have predicted something after it has happened |
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Perceiving Order in Random Events (name study) |
*"rage for order" - Wallace Stevens *in random sequences patterns and streaks do occur which convinces us that there is more order there than what actually exists *coin toss experiment |
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Overconfidence Study |
Expert predictions of world events 80% confidence 40% accuracy Tetlock |
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Lab Research vs Field Research |
Lab research: pro: controlled environment and variables con: "artificial environment" Field research: pro: daily world, more realistic con: many variables |
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Scientific Method |
Question Hypothesis Experiment Data Deduction/Induction Theory |
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How does an experiment differ from correlational research? |
experiment = isolates independent variable correlation research = identifies variables and looks for a relationship between them |
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Sampling Survey Research Random sample? Representative sample? |
random sample - chosen randomly representative sample - adequately represents the larger group |
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Double blind procedure |
When the test subject and the person conducting the experiment are unaware of the placebo or other variable |
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Correlational Research (ch2) (social experiments) |
pro:
con: |
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Experimental Research (ch2) (lab) |
pro: con: |
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Draw a Brain |
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Draw a neuron |
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What is a neurotransmitter? |
chemical messengers |
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Dopamine |
movement, learning, attention, emotion |
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Serotonin |
sleep, hunger, arousal |
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Central vs Peripheral Nervous System |
p: contains nerves |
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Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic |
s: arouses & expands energy p: conserving energy & calming |
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Endocrine System |
glands secrete hormones |
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Lesion |
region in organ or tissue that has been damaged |
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EEG |
electrical activity of neurons in brain |
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fMRI |
functional MRI functioning and structure |
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Medula |
inner region of organ distinguishable from outer regionex kidney, gland, hair |
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Pons |
part of brainstem that links medula and thalamus |
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Limbic System: Hippocampus and Amygdala |
Hippocampus processes memories Amygdala triggers stress hormones that make us remember certain things |
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Where/what is the cortex? |
(outer bark of brain) neo cortex is top of brain |
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Motor Cortex |
(cerebral cortex) planning, control, execution of voluntary movements |
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Sensory Cortex |
function/sensory input from the body |
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Parietal Cortex |
Sensory Information |
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Occipital Cortex |
Visual Processing |
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Split Brain Research Study |
H.M. |
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Left Brain |
logic, analysis, language, math right side of body |
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Right Brain |
creativity, imagination, non-verbal, feelings left side of body |
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What is "plasticity" in neural tissue? |
change to the brain w/ neurons |
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Recall/Recognition/Relearning |
Recall: Having to freely recite/write information Recognition: Knowing that you have seen info before and can recognize in a list Relearning: Understanding the information more quickly the second time bc you have some understanding of it |
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Encoding/Storage/Retrieval |
initial learning of information/maintaining information/retrieving information |
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Working Memory |
the 'work bench' for information to transfer to long term memory |
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Explicit vs Implicit Memories |
declarative/non declarative memories facts & experiences we consciously know / information that skips our consciousness |
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Capacity of STM |
7 +- 2 |
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"Chunking" |
rearranging information to match with what you already know ex. I C A vs CIA |
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Mnemonics/peg word system |
memory clues / visual word associations to help remember things ex. visualize rooms in a house and place things in them |
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Distributed Practice vs Massed Practice |
Distributed practice = studying information over a period of time vs cramming |
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Levels of processing |
Processing of word (level of understanding) -meaning of word -sound of word -appearance of letters |
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Frontal Lobes |
Brain regions send information to frontal lobes |
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What is "priming?" |
"memoryless memory" primed to interpret information differently depending on context ex. kidnapping poster |
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Context Dependent / "Learned Underwater" Story |
Context of where you learned something. Scuba divers who learned words underwater vs on a beach remember in setting they learned them in |
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State Dependent |
drunk/sober effects memory and how we recall .. mood effects memory and how we recall those memories |
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Serial Position Effect |
The effect of the order in which you learned new information (more likely to remember first few items due to rehearsal) |
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Primacy Effect |
After delay memory is best for first items (rather than directly after remembering last items) |
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Recency Effect |
Briefly recall last words on item list |
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Anterograde Amnesia |
Recall past, cannot form new memories |
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Retrograde Amnesia |
cannot recall past, but can make new memories |
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Proactive Interference |
prior learning effects learning of new information ex. remembering only old code to combination lock |
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Retroactive Interference |
new learning effects recall of old information ex. new lyrics to old song, can't remember old lyrics |
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Memory Construction Errors |
Misinformation effect (Loftus) |
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p. 347 mini quiz (pt 1) |
Fixation = inability to view problems from a new angle Algorithm = methodological rule or procedure Intuition = fast, automatic, unthinking feelings and thoughts based on experience |
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p. 347 mini quiz (pt 2) |
Heuristics = simple thinking shortcuts, risk for errors Insight = sudden aha! provides instant realization of solution Confirmation Bias = search for support of our own views |
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p. 347 mini quiz (pt 3) |
Belief perseverance = ignoring evidence that proves our beliefs wrong Overconfidence = overestimating the accuracy of our beliefs Framing = wording a question for a desired response |
