Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the 4 D's?
|
Dysfunction, distress, dangerousness, deviance
|
|
|
Lycanthropy
|
people thought they were werewolves
|
|
|
Benjamin Rush
|
the father of American Psychiatry
|
|
|
somatogenic perspective
|
Theory that mental illness is caused by physical factors
|
|
|
psychogenic perspective
|
Theory that mental illness is caused by psychological factors
|
|
|
Treponema pallida
|
microorganism responsible for syphilis, and in turn, general paresis
|
|
|
managed care program
|
a program in which the insurance company determines such key issues as which therapists its clients may choose, the cost ofsessions, and the number of sessions for which a client may be reimbursed
|
|
|
Psychiatrists (M.D., D.O.)
|
Began to Practice: 1840's
Currently: 33,000 % Female: 25 |
|
|
Psychologists (Ph.D, Psy.D, Ed.D)
|
Began to Practice: Late 1940's
Currently: 152,000 % Female: 52 |
|
|
Social workers (M.S.W., D.S.W)
|
Began to Practice: Early 1950's
Currently: 405,000 % Female: 77 |
|
|
Counselors
|
Began to Practice: Early 1950's
Currently: 375,000 % Female: 50 |
|
|
Therapy
|
a systematic process for helping people over- come their psychological difficulties. It typically requires a patient, a therapist, and a series of therapeutic contacts.
|
|
|
idiography
|
individualistic understanding of abnormal behavior
|
|
|
nomothetic understanding
|
understanding of abnormal behavior through laws and principles
|
|
|
internal validity
|
when researchers are able to rule out all possible causes except one
|
|
|
external validity
|
when results can be generalized outside the immediate study
|
|
|
correlational method
|
used to determine this "co-relationship" between variables
|
|
|
Epidemiological studies
|
reveal the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population
|
|
|
Incidence
|
the number of new cases that emerge during a given period of time
|
|
|
Prevalence
|
the total number of cases during a given period of time
|
|
|
Longitudinal study
|
(also called high-risk or developmental studies), researchers observe the same individuals on many occasions over a long period of time
|
|
|
confound
|
a variable other than the independent variable that acts on the dependent variable
|
|
|
quasi-experiments
|
or mixed designs, investigators do not randomly assign participants to control and experimental groups but instead make use of groups that already exist in the world at large
|
|
|
natural experiments
|
experiment where nature manipulates the independent variable
|
|
|
analogue experiment
|
They can induce laboratory participants to behave in ways that seem to resemble real- life abnormal behavior and then conduct experiments on the participants in the hope of shedding light on the real-life abnormality
|
|
|
single-subject experimental design
|
a single participant is observed both before and after the manipulation of an independent variable
|
|
|
ABAB Design
|
or reversal, design, a participant's reactions are measured and compared not only during a baseline period (condition A) and after the introduction of the independent variable (condition B) but also after the independent variable has been removed (condition A) and yet again after it has been reintroduced (condition B)
|
|
|
Multiple-baseline experiment
|
does not employ the reversals found in anABAB design. Instead, the experimenter selects two or more behaviors (two dependent variables) displayed by a participant and observes the effect that the manipu- lation ofan independent variable has on each behavior
|
|
|
models, or paradigms
|
perspective that helps us make sense of the things other people say and do
|
|
|
Biological model
|
sees physical processes as key to human behavior
|
|
|
psychodynamic model
|
looks at people's unconscious internal processes and conflicts
|
|
|
behavioral model
|
emphasizes behavior and the ways in which it is learned
|
|
|
cognitive model
|
concentrates on the thinking that underlies behavior
|
|
|
humanistic-existential model
|
stresses the role of values and choices
|
|
|
family-social perspective
|
focuses on an individual's family and social interactions
|
|
|
multi-cultural perspective
|
emphasizes an individual's culture and the shared attitudes, beliefs, values, and history of that culture
|
|
|
Huntington's disease
|
disorder marked by violent emotional outbursts, memory loss, suicidal thinking, involuntary body movements, and absurd beliefs. This disease has been traced to a loss of cells in the basal ganglia.
|
|
|
psychotropic medication
|
drugs that mainly affect emotions and thought processes
|
|
|
anti-anxiety drugs
|
minor tranquilizers or anxiolytics. These drugs include lorazopam (trade name Atavan), alprazolam (Xanax), and diazepam (Valium)
|
|
|
major psychotropic drug groups
|
anti-anxiety, antidepressant, antibipolar, and antipsychotic drugs
|
|
|
antidepressants
|
sertraline (Zoloft), jluoxetine (Prozac), and escitalopram (Lexapro)
|
|
|
antipsychotic drugs
|
help reduce the confusion, halluci- nations, and delusions of psychotic disorders, disorders marked by a loss of contact with reality. Common antipsychotic drugs are quetiapine (Seroquel), risperidone (Risperdal), and haloperidol (Haldol).
|
|
|
ECT
|
Two electrodes are attached to a patient's forehead and an electrical current of 65 to 140 volts is passed briefly through the brain. The current causes a brain seizure that lasts up to a few minutes. After seven to nine ECT sessions, spaced two or three days apart, many patients feel considerably less depressed.
|
|
|
dynamic
|
interact with one another
|
|
|
id
|
pleasure principle
|
|
|
ego defense mechanisms
|
The most basic defense mechanism, repression, prevents unacceptable impulses from ever reaching consciousness
|
|
|
superego
|
conscience
|
|
|
fixation
|
an individual is stuck in an early part of development
|
|
|
anal
|
(18 months to 3 years of age)
|
|
|
phallic
|
(3 to 5 years)
|
|
|
latency
|
(5 to 12 years)
|
|
|
genital
|
(12 years to adulthood)
|
|
|
Repression
|
Person avoids anxiety by simply not allowing painful or dangerous thoughts to become conscious.
|
|
|
Denial
|
Person simply refuses to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety
|
|
|
Projection
|
Person attributes own unacceptable impulses, motives,or desires to other individuals.
|
|
|
Rationalization
|
Person creates a socially acceptable reason for an action that actually reflects unacceptable motives
|
|
|
Reaction formation
|
Person adopts behavior that is the exact opposite of impulses he or she is afraid to acknowledge.
|
|
|
Displacement
|
Person displaces hostility away from a dangerous object and onto a safer substitute.
|
|
|
Intellectualization
|
Person represses emotional reactions in favor of overly logical response to a problem.
|
|
|
Regression
|
Person retreats from an upsetting conflict to an early developmental stage at which no one is expected to behave maturely or responsibly.
|
|
|
Sublimation
|
Person expresses sexual and aggressive energy in ways that are acceptable to society
|
|
|
Object relations theorist
|
propose that people are moti- vated mainly by a need to have relationships with others and that severe problems in the relationships between children and their caregivers may lead to abnormal development
|
|
|
Ego theorists
|
emphasize the role of the ego and consider it a more independent and powerful force than Freud did
|
|
|
Self theorists
|
emphasize the importance of developing a healthy self-interest and give the greatest attention to the role of the self-the unified personality
|
|
|
Psychodynamic therapies (analyze resistance, transference, and dreams.)
|
therapists rely on such techniques as free association, therapist interpretation, catharsis, and working through.
|
|
|
transference
|
when they act and feel toward the therapist as they did or do toward important persons in their lives, especially their parents, siblings, and spouses
|
|
|
catharsis
|
a reliving of past repressed feelings, if they are to settle internal conflicts and overcome their problems.
|
|
|
Working through
|
The patient and therapist must examine the same issues over and over in the course of many sessions, each time with greater clarity.
|
|
|
relational psychoanalytic therapy
|
argues that therapists are key figures in the lives of patients-figures whose reactions and beliefs should be included in the therapy process
|
|
|
fear hierarchy
|
a list of feared objects or situations
|
|
|
cognitive-behavioral therapies
|
helped clients to change both their counterproductive behaviors and their dysfunctional ways of thinking
|
|
|
self-efficacy
|
the belief that one can learn and master needed behaviors when necessary
|
|
|
cognitive therapy
|
therapists help clients recognize the negative thoughts, biased interpretations, and errors in logic that dominate their thinking and, according to Beck, cause them to feel depressed
|
|
|
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
|
help clients to accept many
of their problematic thoughts rather than judge them, act on them, or try fruitlessly to change them |
|
|
mindfulness meditation
|
teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts and feelings
that are flowing through their minds during meditation and to accept such thoughts in a nonjudgmental way. |
|
|
humanists
|
believe that human beings are born with a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative, and constructive.
|
|
|
client-centered therapy
|
try to create a supportive climate in which clients feel able to look at themselves honestly and acceptingly
|
|
|
client-centered therapy requires
|
nonconditional positive regard (full and warm acceptance for the client), accurate empathy (skillful listening and restatements), and genuineness (sincere communication).
|
|
|
skillful frustration
|
gestalt therapists refuse to meet their clients' expectations or demands. This use of frustration is meant to help people see how often they try to manipulate others into meeting their needs
|
|
|
existentialists
|
believe that psychological dysfunctioning is caused by self-deception
|
|
|
existential therapy
|
people are encouraged to accept responsibility for their lives and for their problems.
|
|
|
family systems theory
|
the family is a system ofinteracting parts-the family members-who interact with one another in consistent ways and conform to rules unique to each family
|
