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135 Cards in this Set
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Abu Graib prison |
-US Military prison guards mistreating Iraqi soldiers -Zimbardo testified blaming the social situation too strong and the men are not bad men |
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Stanford Prison Experiment |
-1971 study by Zimbardo testing how people would act in certain social situations. -put men into 2 groups:prisoners and guards -2 wk experiment was stopped after 6 days because it was too strong social situation |
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what is social psych? |
how people think about, influence and relate to one another |
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What types of questions does social psych ask? |
-Does our social behavior depend more on the objective situations we face or how we construe them? -would people be cruel if ordered? |
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Stanley Milgram |
study:required people to administer electric shock to others who had difficulty learning a series of words - nearly 2/3 complied |
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princeton vs. Dartmouth game |
study: football game fight where students watched playback and seesopposite team having 2x more fault |
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thinking, memory and attitude operate on 2 levels (called "Dual prosessing") |
-conscious and deliberate -unconscious and automatic |
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what do we judge likelihood on? |
how many cases come to mind instantly |
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what % of time is spent in conversation |
at least 30% |
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Social Neuroscience |
an interdisciplinary field that exploresthe neutral bases of social and emotional processes, and behavios and how these processes and behavios affect our brain and bio |
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2 contradictory criticisms of social psy |
-trivial (obvious) -dangerous (used to manipulate) |
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hindsight bias def |
tendency to exaggerate any "common sense" situation |
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def: theory |
integrated set of principles that explain and predict obs. events |
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def: field research |
research done in natural, real life settings outside of the lab |
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def: correlation research |
study of natural occuring relationships among variables |
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def: experimental research |
studies that seek clues to cause- effect relationships by manipulating indep. variables while controlling others |
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def: random sampling |
way of picking bitches to show the whole pop. being studied- everyone has equal opportunity |
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Def: indep variable |
the factor manipulated |
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Def: dep. variable |
variable being measured- kept the same |
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def: replication |
repeating a study to determine if a similar finding could be reproduced |
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def: mundane realism |
Degree to whichan experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations |
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def: experimental realism |
Degree to which an exp. absorbs and involves its participants |
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Def: deception |
misinforming or misleading participants about the purpose and methods of the research |
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def: demand characteristics |
cues in exp. that tell the participant what behavior is expected |
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def: informed consent |
ethical principle requires participants to be told enough to enable them to perform |
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def: debriefing |
explanation of the study to participants. usually discloses deception. |
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ABC's of the self |
Affect Behavior Cognitive |
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strong vs. weak situations |
strong (everyone doing same thing): sitting in a classroom weak (can't predict what people will do): sitting in a park |
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Early yrs. (1897-1924) |
-psych forms from bio and philo -psych created by Normann Triplett |
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Floyd Allport (1924) |
study of social behavior "in which the responses either serve as social stimuli or are evoked by social stimuli people often act irrationally in groups |
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Rapid expansion (1925-1965) |
Holocaust happening (WWII) use of propoganda Bottling phenomenon |
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Kurt Lewins |
behavior is a function of the field of forces in which we find ourselves (lost family in Holocaust) |
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B=F(P*E) |
behavior is a function of personal characteristics with the environment |
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Crisis yrs (1966-1980) |
social psych is all just common sense |
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Def: spotlight effect |
thinking others are payingmore attention to you than actually are |
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Def: illusion of transparency |
illusion that our concealed emotions can be seen by others and we are easily readable |
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Def: self conceept |
what we know/ believe about ourselves |
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schemas |
mutual templates by which we organize our worlds |
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def:self- schema |
beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self relevant info |
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def; social comparison |
evaluating abilities and opinions by comparing with others |
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def: individualism |
viewing self over group |
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def: independent self |
construing one's identity as an autonomous self |
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collectivism |
priority to group and gods over self |
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def: impact bias |
overestimating the enduring impact of emotio- causing events |
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Def: Dual attitude system |
differing implicit/explicit attitudes toward the same object |
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sense of self greatly dependent of culture/ society |
individualistic- western, independent self collectivist- interdependent self |
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Def: self- esteem |
person's overall self evaluation or sense of self worth |
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2 theories on self esteem |
1. it's contingent on success in personal value 2. the opposite |
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schadenfreude |
joy at others misfortune |
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terror management theory |
proposes that people exhibit self protective emothional and cognitive responses when confronted with reminders of their morality |
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longitudinal study |
looking at one group over a long period of time |
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def: narcism |
inflated sense of ones self |
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def: self efficiacy |
sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self esteem which is one sense of self worth |
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the rouge test |
dot on forehead in mirror- baby reflection discovery |
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looking glass self |
who people see themselves as is determined by what people tell us |
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gender |
taught by society |
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change of male- male friendship |
came about because of homosexuality |
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def: self serving bias |
tendency to perceive oneself favorably |
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explaining negative events |
blame it on external factors |
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def: self serving attributions |
form of self serving bias- tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and neg. outcomes to other factors |
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def: defensive pessimism |
adaptive value of ant. probs and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effective action |
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def: false consensus effect |
tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesireable of unsuccessful behaviors |
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def: false uniqueness effect |
the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable of successful behaviors |
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self handicapping |
we don't acknowledge when we need to change something, only blame it on external factors |
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def: self- monitoring |
being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression |
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the self they know is often |
different from the self they show |
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what does it mean to have self control? |
-Forcing themselves to eat vegies instead of choco -controlling emotions during an emotional movie -sexual thoughts -requires mental and physical energy |
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def: introspection |
look into the future to try ro figure out the outcome |
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self- perception theory |
inferring self knowledge from your behavior in a given conflict |
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facial feedback hypotheses |
change in a facial espression van lead to corresponding changes in emotion |
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Social comparison theory |
Leon Kessinger compare self to others |
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learned helplessness |
we taught ourselves that we can't do it even though it was doable |
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factors that contribute to loss of control |
-learned helplessness -self- efficiacy -locus of control |
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self- efficacy |
sense that one is competent and effective |
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theory of self efficacy |
believing we can perform well will lead us to set challenging goals to persist albert bandura |
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def: locu of control (LOC) |
extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts and actions or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces |
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2 brain systems |
system 1: intuitive automatic, unconscious (fast way of thought) system 2: deliberate controlled, conscious (slower way of thought) |
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def: priming |
activating particular assoc. in memory |
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def: embodied cognition |
Mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments |
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over confidence phenomenon |
tendency to be more confident than correct |
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confirmation bias |
tendency to search for info that confirms one's perceptions |
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3 techniques successfully reduced confidence bias |
-prompt feedback -might be true -reasoning |
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heuristics |
thinking strategy that enables quick efficient judgements |
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availability heuristic |
cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their avail. to it in memory |
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cognition |
how we perceive remember and interpret info |
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social cognition |
how people percieve remember and interpret info about themselves ND others |
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people are motivated to |
understant their environment |
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people want to process info |
as efficiently as possible |
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counterfactual thinking |
imagining alternate scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but didnt |
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illusory correlation |
perception of a relationship where none exists or perception of a stronger relationship than exists |
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regression toward the average |
the statistical tendency for extreme scores or behavior to return toward ones average |
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unhappy people tend to be more |
self focused anf brooding |
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belief perserveance |
persistance of one;s initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one;s belief id discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives |
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misinfo effect |
incorporating misinfo into one's memory of an event after witnessing an event and receiving misleading info about it |
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misattribution |
mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source |
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attribution theory |
how people explain others behavior |
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dispositional theory |
attributing behavior to the persons disposition or traits |
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situational attribution |
attributing behavior to the environment |
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spontaneous trait inference |
effortless auto inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior |
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fundamental attribution error |
tendency for observers to underestimate the power of the situation |
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culltural differences |
westernized cultures predispose people to assume that most people cause events not situations |
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self fulfilling prophecy |
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment |
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Fritz Heider (1985) |
2 kinds of attributions -dispositional -situational 2 major attribution theories -covariation theories -fundamental attribution error |
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covariation theory (1973) |
H. Kelley -consistency consensus and distinctiveness to determine what causes an evernt |
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situational attribution |
high consistency+ high consensus+ high distinctiveness |
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dispositional attribution |
high consistency+ low consensus+ low distinctiveness |
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4 factors that contribute to errors |
-perceptual -motivational -cultural -language |
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Behavior confirmation |
type of self fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations |
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education can reduce vulnerability to certain types of error by |
-training to recognize likely sources of intuition -stats courses to recognize likely sources of logicand judgment -illustrate w/ anecdotes and ex. from everyday life -teach slogans |
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attitude |
belief and feeling related to a person or event |
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Allan Wicker |
concluded that people's expressed attitudes hardly predict behaviors |
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morality vs. greed... which wins? |
greed |
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def: explicit attitude |
expressed attitude |
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def: implicit attitude |
attitude we keep to ourselves |
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Implicit association test (IAT) |
computer driven test to assess implicit attitudes. uses rxn times to measure automatic associations |
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other factors causing Fund. Attribution error |
-Automatic vs. controlled processing -stereotype driven attributions |
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Brescoll and Uhlmann (2008) |
women who feel are viewed as lower class supplemental reading |
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Richard LaPiere (1934) |
prejudice attitudes don't lead to prejudice behaviors 99.7% served them 90% said "would not serve" 10% was undecided |
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When do attitudes predict behavior |
-minimal social interference - attitude specific to behavior examined - when attitudes are potent |
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Are Emily and Brendan more likely to be hired than Lakisha and Jamal? |
yes bc implicit attitudes |
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where do implicit attitudes come from? |
-early experiences -cultural biases |
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Role |
set of norms that shows how ppeople are supposed tobehave in a social position |
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3 sources why our attitude influence behavior |
-self presentation theory -cognitive dissonance theory -self perception theory |
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self presentation theory |
assumes we express attitudes that make us appear consistent |
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cognitive dissonance theory |
Leon Festinger assumes to reduce discomfort we justify actions to ourselves |
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self perception theory |
assumes our actions are self revealing |
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cognitive dissonance |
tension tha t arises when one is simutaneously aware of 2 inconsistent cognitions |
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selective exposure |
tendency to seek info and media that agree w/ ones views and to avoid dissonant info |
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facial feedback effect |
tendency of facial exp. to trigger corresponding feelings |
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theory of planned behavior |
ajzen and fichbein behavior guided by intentions intentions guided by -attitudes toward behavior -subjective norm -percieved control |
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types of interactions between person and environment |
-dispositional -situational -systemic: power of institutions |
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WATCH TED TALK |
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how do we escape dissonance? |
change behavior rationalize change perception of behavior **change dissonant attitude** |
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overjustification effect |
result of bribing someone for doing something they already enjoy |
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self- affirmation theory |
people often exp. a self image threat after engaging in an undesired behavior, the compensate by affirming aspect of self |
