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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of the following is true for nerve deafness?
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It can result from damage to the choclea
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Areas bordering the primary auditory cortex are important for:
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analyzing the meaning of sound
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Pitch is a perception related to which aspect of sound?
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frequency
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Which of the following is TRUE about the stimuli detectable by the auditory and visual systems of humans?
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humans are sensitive to a wide range of stimuli
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To what kinds of tones do cells in the primary auditory cortex respond best?
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combinations or patterns of tones
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Which two factors determine whether or not there will be a "sound shadow"?
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head size and frequency
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The eardrum is also known as the:
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tympanic membrane
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The current view of how we perceive frequencies greater than 1,000 but less than 5,000 Hz is based on:
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volleys of responses by many auditory neurons
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Perception of a low tone is to ____ as perception of a high tone is to ____.
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frequency theory, pitch theory
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Where is the basal membrane most sensitive to the vibrations of low-frequency sound waves?
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at the apex, furthest away from the oval window
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Timing differences can be used most accurately for localizing:
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sudden-onset sounds
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According to the frequency theory, the:
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basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, inducing hair cells to stimulate auditory nerve action potentials at the same frequency
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The ability to hear a note and identify it perfectly is called:
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absolute pitch
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The hammer, anvil and stirrup are found in the:
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middle ear
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What is the basis for differences in sensory abilities across species?
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Organisms detect a range of stimuli that are biologically relevant for that species
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What can most people with nerve deafness hear?
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some frequencies of sound better than others
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People with conductive deafness:
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can benefit from surgery or hearing aids
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Humans localize low frequencies by ____ differences and high frequencies by ____ differences.
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phase; loudness
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Currently, the most prevalent theory of pitch perception is:
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a combination of frequency,place and volley principles, depending on the frequency of the tone
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The outer ear includes
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the pinna
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Which of the following is true regarding theories of pitch perception?
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the frequency, pitch and volley principles each work best for different frequencies
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Which of the following statements about nerve deafness is FALSE?
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with surgical treatment it is possible to regain hearing
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Which of the following would a cell in the primary auditory cortex be LEAST excited by?
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a pure tone
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Most auditory information is sent to which hemisphere of the brain?
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the contralateral side
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Where are the auditory receptor cells located?
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on the basilar membrane
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The eardrum vibrates at:
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at the same frequency as the sound waves that hit it
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Suppose you suddenly become deaf in one ear. With practice, you would most likely be able to locate familiar sounds based on differences in:
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loudness
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What sound characteristics can be compared between the two ears to locate the source of the sound?
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loudness and timing
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How do sound waves ultimately result in the production of receptor potentials?
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hair cells in the choclea are rhythmically displaced, causing ion channels to open in their membrane
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Visual imagery is to ____, as auditory imagery is to ____.
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V1, A1
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Conductive deafness is to ____ as nerve deafness is to ____.
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the middle ear, the inner ear
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Suppose the highest pitch you can hear is about 20,000 Hz. Under what circumstances will that limit change?
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it drops naturally as you grow older
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Nerve deafness often produces:
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tinnitus
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A sound shadow refers to:
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how much louder a high-frequency sound is to the ear closest to the sound
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The highest frequency sounds vibrate hair cells:
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near the base of the membrane
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Which of the following assumptions is necessary for the place theory of pitch perception, but NOT for the frequency theory?
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various auditory neurons respond best to different wavelengths
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People with massive damage to the primary auditory cortex:
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cannot recognize combinations or sequences of sounds
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The ____ of a sound is the number of compressions per second.
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frequency
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A person would have the most difficulty locating the sight and sound of an approaching train with damage to the:
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parietal lobe
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The fact that each person’s pinna is shaped differently from anyone else’s suggests that much of sound localization is:
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learned
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The tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit the vibrations to the:
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oval window
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Which statement about tinnitus is FALSE?
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many people with conductive deafness experience tinnitus
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The malleus, incus, and stapes are small bones:
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which transmit information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window
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Tinnitus is often:
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due to a phenomenon like a phantom limb
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What is the name of the receptor cells of the auditory system?
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hair cells
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What is the function of the pinna?
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it helps us locate the source of sounds
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What is the major problem for the frequency theory of sound perception?
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neurons cannot respond as quickly as the theory requires
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Why is it important for sound vibrations to be amplified as they pass through the ear?
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more force is needed to create waves in fluid
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Damage to V1 produces ____ and damage to A1 produces ____.
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blindness; deafness to complex sounds
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For what kind of sounds can differences in loudness be used most accurately for localization?
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high-pitched
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What is the perception of the intensity of a sound wave called?
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loudness
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Which of the following are presented in the correct order when describing some of the structures that sound waves travel through as they pass from the outer ear to the inner ear?
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pinna, tympanic membrane, oval window, choclea
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Comparisons between which two responses are helpful in locating the source of a sound?
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the left ear and the right ear
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The fact that the various parts of the basilar membrane are tightly bound together is problematic for which of the following?
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the place theory
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Which of the following would be LEAST able to use phase differences as a means of sound localization?
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ground squirrels
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In the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to:
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mechanical displacement
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To what lobe of the cerebral cortex is auditory information sent?
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temporal
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A tonotopic map refers to:
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an auditory cortex map of sound
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What can people with conductive deafness hear?
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their own voice better than external sounds
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At low frequencies, our perception of loudness is determined by:
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the number of activated hair cells
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What is the intensity of a sound wave called?
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amplitude
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The stirrup makes the oval window vibrate at the entrance to the?
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scala vestibuli
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Conductive deafness is also known as:
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middle ear deafness
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Within the primary auditory cortex, most cells respond selectively to a particular:
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frequency
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Vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea causes?
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hair cells to displace
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Three small bones connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window. What is the function of these bones?
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they convert air waves into waves of greater pressure
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Patients with damage in area MT have problems with perception of:
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movement of objects and sound
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What kind of deafness is the result of damage to the cochlea or the hair cells?
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nerve
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The frequency theory of pitch perception works well for ____ frequencies, while the place theory works well for perception of ____ frequencies.
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low; high
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Large-diameter pain fibers:
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carry sharp pain information
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Stimulation of a touch receptor opens ____ channels in the axon.
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sodium
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When mechanical pressure bends the membrane of a Pacinian corpuscle:
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the membrane's resistance to the flow of sodium ions decreases
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Itching is primarily the result of:
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histamine release
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The current view of how endorphins decrease the experience of pain is that they:
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block the release of substance P
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Morphine and other opiate drugs decrease sensitivity to pain by:
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mimicking the effects of endorphins at the synapses
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Along each strip of somatosensory cortex, different sub-areas respond to:
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different areas of the body
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What does the vestibular system detect?
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different movements of the head
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Certain painful stimuli activate neurons which release endorphins in the:
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periaqueductal gray area.
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Studies with placebos and studies using hypnotism suggest that much of the reduction in pain is the result of decreased activation in the:
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emotion areas of the brain
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A distinctive feature of itch is that it relies on:
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usually on slow axons
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The brain chemicals known as endorphins and enkephalins produce effects similar to which substance?
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opiates
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Pain receptors of the skin are:
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simple, bare neuron endings
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What would you expect if a researcher injected substance P into an animal's spinal cord?
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the animal would show indications of pain in the part of the body that sends information to that section of the spinal cord
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The ____ nucleus of the thalamus is associated with pain perception of the body.
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ventral posterior
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After hurting your elbow in a biking accident, the gate-control theory of pain suggest that to reduce the pain, you could:
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rub it gently
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Each spinal nerve has:
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both a sensory and motor component
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Why is morphine NOT used to suppress pain during an operation?
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it inhibits dull pain but not sharp pain
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Meissner's corpuscles are:
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elaborate neuron endings for touch
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An individual with damage to the primary somatosensory cortex would most have problems with:
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ability to locate where someone was touching them
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Small-diameter pain fibers:
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carry dull pain information
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After damage to the somatosensory cortex, a person would have the most difficulty with:
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pointing to their own body parts
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A mild degree of pain releases the neurotransmitter ____. A more intense pain also releases ____.
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glutamate, substance P
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Which of the following would be most impaired with damage to the vestibular senses?
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visually tracing an item while dancing
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Ruffini's endings are:
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elaborate neuron endings for touch
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Antihistamine drugs tend to ____ itching, and opiates tend to ____ itching.
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reduce;increase
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Somatosensory information travels from the thalamus to which area of the cortex?
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parietal lobe
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The heat receptor responds to ____, the chemical that makes jalapeños spicy.
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capsaisin
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What is a dermatome?
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an area of skin innervated by a given spinal nerve
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The function of the semicircular canals is to:
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detect movement of the head
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The somatosensory system involves sensation of:
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the body and its movements
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In the otolith organs, the otoliths are calcium carbonate particles that:
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push against hair cells when moved
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Which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation?
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semicircular canals and otolith organs
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Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen, relieve pain by:
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reducing the release of chemicals from damaged tissues
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Which of the following is TRUE about various types of somatosensation?
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they are at least partly distinct all the way from the receptor to the cerebral cortex
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Cutting a spinal nerve would result in loss of:
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motor control and sensation in the part of the body it innervated
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Someone who has suffered damage to the sensory component of one spinal nerve would lose sensation from:
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one dermatome
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Which of the following drug actions would most likely block the effectiveness of placebos?
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blocking endorphin receptors
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What kind of receptors detect pain, warmth, and cold?
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somatosensory
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The sensory aspect of pain activates the ____ cortex, whereas the emotional aspect activates the ____ cortex.
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somatosensory; cingulate
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The eighth cranial nerve contains both a ____ component and a ____ component.
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auditory; vestibular
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Pacinian corpuscles respond best to:
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rapid mechanical pressure
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How is olfactory information coded in receptor cells?
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there are hundreds of types of receptor molecule, each responsive to different chemical
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Many women living in a college dormitory will gradually begin to synchronize their menstrual cycles. The research indicates that this is, at least in part, based on:
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pheremones
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One hypothesis of synesthesia is?
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that some of the axons from one cortical area in an affected person have branches into different cortical area
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In adult humans, the taste buds are:
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concentrated along the outside of the tongue
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Olfactory receptor sites are located:
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on cilia
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The miracle of miracle berries is that after eating them:
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sour substances can taste sweet
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Reduced response to one taste after exposure to another is referred to as:
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cross adaptation
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We can identify a wide variety of bitter substances because:
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we have many different bitter receptors
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The receptors for taste are:
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modified skin cells
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Of the following, which one would be most closely associated with experiencing synesthesia?
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seeing colors of letters of words
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If someone anesthetized your chorda tympani, you would:
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no longer taste anything on the anterior part of your tongue
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What causes excitation of the taste receptors that respond to salty tastes?
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sodium ions crossing the membrane of the receptor
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Sweetness, bitterness and umami receptors operate by:
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activating a protein which causes the release of a second messenger
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What is unusual about olfactory receptors compared to most other mature mammalian neurons?
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they are replaceable when old neurons die
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Supertasters differ from tasters and nontasters mainly with regard to
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the number of tastebuds on their tongue
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Rats and mice are better able to discriminate odors than humans because they:
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have a greater variety of olfactory receptors
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What are found in papillae?
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taste buds
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Exposure to an extremely salty substance decreases sensitivity to other salty substances. What is this phenomenon called?
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adaptation
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Which of the following would be able to tolerate the highest level of PTC?
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people with few fugiform papillia near the tip of their tongue
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One difference between labeled-line coding and across-fiber pattern coding is that labeled-line is:
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less versatile
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Information carried to the brain along the chorda tympani comes from the:
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anterior two-thirds of the tongue
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Repeated exposure to male pheromones may be associated with ____ in young women who are not sexually active.
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more regular menstrual cycles
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Taste and smell axons converge onto many of the same cells in an area called the:
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endopiriform cortex
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One reason why we have difficulty tasting low concentrations of a bitter chemical is that:
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we have dozens of different types of bitter receptors
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Analogous to lateral inhibition, when olfactory receptors are stimulated they:
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inhibit the activity of other receptors
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Studies indicate that pheromones may play a role in humans':
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sexual behaviors
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The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a set of receptors located:
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new, but separate from, the olfactory receptors
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Olfactory receptors carry their message to the:
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olfactory bulb
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Pheromones are important for the ____ behaviors of many mammalian species.
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sexual
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How many kinds of olfactory receptors do we have?
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hundreds
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The primary taste cortex is known as the:
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insular cortex
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Olfaction also plays a subtle role in:
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social behavior
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If you are a supertaster, then:
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you are more sensitive than the average person to nearly all tastes.
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In mammals, each olfactory cell has threadlike dendrites that:
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extend from each cell body into the mucous surface of the nasal pathway
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Taste perception in the brain depends on:
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relative activity of taste neurons
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Most theorists believe that the first sensory system was:
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chemical
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Pheromone receptors in humans are located in the:
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olfactory mucosa
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Each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and sends a direct line to the brain. This type of coding is referred to as:
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labeled-line
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After soaking their tongues in a sour solution, what do most people experience?
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other sour substances taste less sour
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The receptors for taste are like skin cells in that they:
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are continuously being replaced
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Chemicals which prevent sodium from crossing the membrane:
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reduce the intensity of salty taste
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Given a very faint odor of air freshener, who is most likely to detect it?
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a cycling female
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Our ability to see a wide range of colors, despite the presence of only three types of receptors, indicates that color vision depends on which type of coding?
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across-fiber pattern
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Deleting a single gene for potassium channels in mice led to an amazing superpower related to the sense of:
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smell
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Each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them. This type of coding is referred to as:
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across-fiber
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One major difference between olfaction and VNO receptors is that:
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VNO receptors do not adapt
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What do toothpaste, miracle berries, and Gymnema sylvestre have in common?
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they modify taste perception
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The receptors for taste are not true neurons, but are actually modified skin cells. In what way are these cells like neurons?
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they release neurotransmitters
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The nucleus of the tractus solitarius in the medulla is known to receive information from what source?
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tongue
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After soaking your tongue in a sour solution you try tasting salty, sweet, and bitter substances. How are these tastes affected?
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there will be no effect on these three tastes
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