Physiological Final Ch 8

Front 1

What experience is similar to losing proprioception?

Back 1

walking on a leg that has fallen asleep

Front 2

Which of the following is an example of a ballistic movement?

Back 2

a reflexive knee movement

Front 3

Compared to a long distance runner, a world class sprinter probably has more of which kind of fibers in her legs?

Back 3

fast-twitch

Front 4

After motor neurons fire a few times in quick succession, subsequent action potentials release:

Back 4

less acetylcholine

Front 5

What are the differences among the three types of skeletal muscle found in fish (red, pink, and white)?

Back 5

both speed of contraction and susceptibility to fatigue

Front 6

What condition is improved by increasing the presence of acetylcholine in the synapse?

Back 6

myesthenia gravis

Front 7

Moving a leg or arm back and forth requires opposing sets of muscles called:

Back 7

antagonistic muscles

Front 8

Which of the following is an example of a motor program in chickens with featherless wings?

Back 8

flapping its wing if suddenly dropped

Front 9

A tap on the knee just below the kneecap will elicit extension of the knee. This reflex indicates that:

Back 9

muscle spindles have been streched

Front 10

You have precise control over the movement of your fingers, probably because:

Back 10

they have few muscle fibers per motor neuron

Front 11

Which of the following behaviors would most likely result from activity of central pattern generators?

Back 11

a dog shaking itself off to dry

Front 12

What happens when a fish swims at low temperatures?

Back 12

the fish swims at its usual speed but fatigues more rapidly

Front 13

Closing your eyes and sneezing in response to suddenly seeing a bright light is an example of:

Back 13

an allied reflex

Front 14

A fish will adjust to lower water temperatures by:

Back 14

recruiting different muscle fibers

Front 15

A Golgi tendon organ responds to:

Back 15

increases in muscle tension

Front 16

What type of muscle controls movements of internal organs?

Back 16

smooth

Front 17

Slow and continuous stretching exercises could relax a muscle by:

Back 17

stretching the golgi tendon organs

Front 18

Cardiac muscles have properties:

Back 18

intermediate, between those of smooth and skeletal

Front 19

What is the stimulus for the rooting reflex?

Back 19

touching the cheek near the mouth

Front 20

Which muscle is "antagonistic" to a flexor muscle in the right arm?

Back 20

an extensor muscle in the right arm

Front 21

A boxer’s ability to sense the position of his arm and hand before planning a punch is dependent on the sense of:

Back 21

proprioception

Front 22

A motor program is a:

Back 22

a fixed sequence of motions that, once triggered, will continue until completion

Front 23

Which of the following are two kinds of proprioceptors?

Back 23

muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

Front 24

A proprioceptor is:

Back 24

sensitive to the position and movement of a part of a body

Front 25

Symptoms of myasthenia gravis include:

Back 25

weakness and rapid fatigue of skeletal movements

Front 26

Axons release ____ at junctions with skeletal muscles.

Back 26

acetylcholine

Front 27

Which of the following is an example of a motor program in a human?

Back 27

yawning

Front 28

Compared to the average weekend jogger, a world class marathon runner probably has a higher percentage of which kind of fibers in his legs?

Back 28

slow-twitch

Front 29

When an axon releases a transmitter at the nerve-muscle junction, the response of the muscle is to:

Back 29

always contract

Front 30

The role of the Golgi tendon organs is to:

Back 30

prevent extreme muscle contractions

Front 31

What type of muscle controls movements of the heart?

Back 31

cardiac

Front 32

Vigorous use of fast-twitch fibers results in fatigue because the process is:

Back 32

anaerobic

Front 33

A muscle spindle responds to the:

Back 33

stretch of the muscle

Front 34

A ballistic movement:

Back 34

proceeds immediately after it has been triggered

Front 35

What is the relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscle fibers?

Back 35

the fewer muscles a single axon innervates the more precise the movements

Front 36

If a neurologist tests an adult patient for infant reflexes, the neurologist is probably trying to determine whether the person has suffered damage to the:

Back 36

cerebral cortex

Front 37

What is the stimulus for the Babinski reflex?

Back 37

stroking the sole of the foot

Front 38

The eye muscles can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because the:

Back 38

eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons

Front 39

Myasthenia gravis is caused by:

Back 39

damage to acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions

Front 40

Early in the course of aerobic exercises such as dancing, glucose is used by the muscles. As exercise continues,:

Back 40

muscles decrease their use of glucose

Front 41

What type of muscle is responsible for the movement of your body through the environment?

Back 41

striated

Front 42

If a new species were found with legs composed almost completely of fast-twitch muscles, what could we infer about its behavior?

Back 42

it could chase prey over short distances

Front 43

The absence of acetylcholine will cause a muscle to?

Back 43

relax

Front 44

A contraction of equal force in antagonist muscles of the arm would result in ____ of the arm.

Back 44

no movement

Front 45

Exercising at a high altitude where there is less oxygen is most likely to affect:

Back 45

slow-twitch muscles

Front 46

A sudden stretch of a muscle excites a feedback system that opposes the stretch. This message starts in the:

Back 46

muscle spindles

Front 47

Which would be especially important when running up a flight of stairs at full speed?

Back 47

fast-twitch muscles

Front 48

Central pattern generators:

Back 48

contribute to rythmic patterns of movement

Front 49

Infants have several reflexes like the ____ and the ____, that are not seen in healthy adults.

Back 49

rooting reflex; Babinski reflex

Front 50

What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron's axon meets a muscle fiber?

Back 50

neuromuscular junction

Front 51

The premotor cortex:

Back 51

is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself.

Front 52

Cells in the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and ____ prepare for a movement, sending messages to the primary motor cortex.

Back 52

supplementary motor cortex

Front 53

Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord are called the:

Back 53

corticospinal tracts

Front 54

Most of the axons of the ventromedial tract go to which side of the body?

Back 54

bilateral

Front 55

Damage to one side of the dorsolateral tract below the level of the medulla would most likely affect:

Back 55

fine motor control of the same side of the body

Front 56

After damage to the cerebellar cortex, an individual has trouble with which part of the finger-to-nose test?

Back 56

the initial rapid movement to the nose

Front 57

People with damage to the parietal cortex appear to lack ____ related to voluntary movements

Back 57

feelings of intention

Front 58

Longer stimulation (1/2 sec) of the arm region of a monkey's motor cortex results in:

Back 58

a fixed outcome using different muscle movements depending on the initial position of the arm

Front 59

The part of the cortex which responds mostly to the sensory signals that lead to a movement is the

Back 59

prefrontal cortex

Front 60

People with posterior parietal damage:

Back 60

have trouble converting sensation into action

Front 61

People with posterior parietal damage:

Back 61

will not step over an obstacle, although they can accurately describe it.

Front 62

In a study, functional MRI measured cerebellar activity. It was found that the cerebellum was quite active when individuals:

Back 62

felt objects with both hands to determine if they were the same

Front 63

Which of the following would most likely happen with damage to the prefrontal cortex?

Back 63

poorly planned movements

Front 64

The prefrontal cortex:

Back 64

responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement

Front 65

Purkinje cells are

Back 65

flat cells in sequential planes

Front 66

Inaccurate saccades indicate damage to the:

Back 66

cerebellum

Front 67

Movements near the midline of the body, such as bending and turning of the trunk, are controlled by which motor system?

Back 67

ventromedial tract

Front 68

What is the relationship between the dorsolateral tract and the ventromedial tract?

Back 68

most movements rely on both, which work in a cooperative fashion

Front 69

Purkinje cells receive most of their input from:

Back 69

parallel fibers of the cerebellar cortex

Front 70

The dorsolateral tract cross over point is in the:

Back 70

pyramids of the medulla

Front 71

The posterior parietal cortex

Back 71

keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world

Front 72

In contrast to people with posterior parietal damage, people with damage to the visual ventral stream but sparing the primary visual cortex:

Back 72

cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it.

Front 73

Which basal ganglia structure(s) is(are) important for receiving input from sensory areas of the thalamus and the cerebral cortex?

Back 73

caudate nucleus and putamen

Front 74

The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the:

Back 74

basal ganglia

Front 75

The supplementary motor cortex becomes active

Back 75

during the second or two prior to movement

Front 76

Just thinking about the intention to put your arm around your attractive date would activate which of the following motor areas?

Back 76

supplementary cortex

Front 77

Watching another person shoot a basketball is most likely to activate ____ neurons in the brain of the person who is watching.

Back 77

mirror

Front 78

Children with ____ were found to have less activity in the brain areas believed to contain mirror neurons

Back 78

autism

Front 79

In an important study on voluntary movement, people made a voluntary movement and later reported the exact time when they became aware of the conscious decision to move. The order of events, in time, was:

Back 79

activity in premotor cortex, then conscious decision, then movement

Front 80

The tract that includes many axons from the primary motor cortex, the reticular formation, and the vestibular nucleus is the:

Back 80

ventromedial tract

Front 81

With experience, the motor skills required to drive a car become more automatic over time mostly because of changes in the:

Back 81

basal ganglia

Front 82

The nuclei of the cerebellum (as opposed to the cerebellar cortex) are most important in

Back 82

holding a finger in a steady position

Front 83

Dorsolateral tract axons are responsible for movements in the:

Back 83

arms, hands, and toes

Front 84

Speaking, piano playing, athletic skills, and other rapid movements would be most impaired by damage to which structure?

Back 84

cerebellum

Front 85

The symptoms of cerebellar damage resemble those of:

Back 85

intoxication

Front 86

A quick typist would rely heavily on the ____ cortex to organize smooth sequences of finger movements.

Back 86

supplementary

Front 87

The motor cortex produces a kind of activity called a ____ before any voluntary movement.

Back 87

readiness potential

Front 88

Very brief electrical stimulation of the motor cortex results in

Back 88

muscle twitching

Front 89

Axons of the dorsolateral tract extend to what area?

Back 89

spinal cord

Front 90

What is the name of the rapid eye movement occurring when a person moves his or her eyes from one focus point to another?

Back 90

saccade

Front 91

Which widely branching cells are responsible for all of the output from the cerebellar cortex to the nuclei of the cerebellum?

Back 91

Perjinke cells

Front 92

Cerebellum is to ____ as basal ganglia are to ____.

Back 92

timing; voluntary movement

Front 93

Patients with damage to the cerebellum are impaired at ____ movements, but relatively normal in making ____ movements.

Back 93

imagining; continuous

Front 94

the greater the number of Purkinje cells activated, the:

Back 94

greater the collective duration of the response.

Front 95

The basal ganglia work together to initiate movement by:

Back 95

ceasing to inhibit movement

Front 96

In order to elicit movement, the motor cortex:

Back 96

sends axons to the brainstem and spinal cord.

Front 97

If you have trouble with rapid, ballistic movement sequences that require accurate timing, you probably have suffered damage to the:

Back 97

cerebellum

Front 98

The cerebellum appears to be critical for:

Back 98

certain aspects of attention

Front 99

Most of the output from the globus pallidus to the thalamus releases?

Back 99

GABA

Front 100

Most of the axons of the dorsolateral tract go to which side of the body?

Back 100

contralateral

Front 101

Cigarette smoking and coffee drinking ____ the risk of Parkinson’s disease, and marijuana ____ the risk.

Back 101

decrease; increases

Front 102

What is especially limited in a patient with Huntington's disease?

Back 102

the ability to learn and improve new movements

Front 103

Which of the following is a limitation of using L-dopa for Parkinson's disease?

Back 103

it does not prevent continued loss of dopamine neurons

Front 104

What is a common symptom of Huntington's disease?

Back 104

twitching, trembling and writhing that interfere with voluntary movement

Front 105

A loss of dopamine activity leads to ____ stimulation of the motor cortex and ____ onset of movements.

Back 105

less; slower

Front 106

What is the effect of MPTP?

Back 106

it kills the neurons that release dopamine

Front 107

L-Dopa, a common treatment for Parkinson's disease, is a drug that:

Back 107

increases the brain's production of dopamine

Front 108

What is the usual age of onset for Huntington's disease?

Back 108

30-50yrs

Front 109

Although Parkinson's disease is usually limited to old people, it has occurred in a small number of young people that:

Back 109

used a designer drug

Front 110

Symptoms of Parkinson's disease emerge only after the number of neurons in the substantia nigra decreases to what level?

Back 110

less than 20% of the original total

Front 111

The presymptomatic test for Huntington's disease enables one to predict not only who will get the disease but also:

Back 111

the approximate age of onset

Front 112

Immature cells that are capable of developing into a variety of cells are known as:

Back 112

stem cells

Front 113

It is believed that exposure to herbicides and pesticides is:

Back 113

a contributing factor in some cases of Parkinson's disease.

Front 114

Parkinson's disease is caused by degeneration of a pathway of neurons that releases which neurotransmitter?

Back 114

dopamine

Front 115

Early symptoms of Huntington's disease usually include:

Back 115

jerky arm movements and body tremors

Front 116

What characteristic of L-dopa makes it an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease?

Back 116

L-dopa can cross the blood brain barrier

Front 117

In its normal form, part of the gene which controls Huntington's disease repeats its sequence of bases:

Back 117

between approximately 11-24 times

Front 118

L-dopa is most effective:

Back 118

in the early and intermediate stages of parkinson's disease

Front 119

Having an identical twin with Parkinson's disease greatly increases the other twin's likelihood of also getting Parkinson's disease if the:

Back 119

first twin had early-onset Parkinson's disease.

Front 120

What is the most common drug in the treatment for Parkinson's disease?

Back 120

L-dopa

Front 121

Which of the following is TRUE of Huntington's disease?

Back 121

the earlier the onset the more rapid the deterioration

Front 122

What is the relationship of genetics to Huntington's disease?

Back 122

it is caused by a dominant gene on chromosome 4

Front 123

Which of the following can be used as a presymptomatic test for Huntington's disease?

Back 123

examination of chromosome 4

Front 124

The gene for Huntington's disease codes for a protein called

Back 124

huntingin

Front 125

Many of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease apparently relate to:

Back 125

loss of arousal in the cortex

Front 126

As an option for treating Parkinson’s patients, transplantation of stem cells appears to be:

Back 126

modestly effective, as with other treatments

Front 127

Which parts of the brain deteriorate most strongly in Huntington's disease?

Back 127

the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

Front 128

Which of the following is NOT true of Huntington's disease?

Back 128

it is generally treated with L-dopa

Front 129

Parkinson's disease patients, who usually have trouble walking, can walk surprisingly well when they:

Back 129

are following a parade

Front 130

If Parkinson's disease were caused primarily by exposure to herbicides and pesticides, we should expect to find:

Back 130

near epidemics in some geographical regions

Front 131

One thing that many different causes of Parkinson’s disease share in common is that they:

Back 131

cause damage to the mitochondria

Front 132

What is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

Back 132

Difficulty initiating movements

Front 133

Which of the following is NOT common in people with Parkinson's disease?

Back 133

outbursts of emotions

Front 134

One effect of an abnormal form of the protein huntingtin on neurons is to:

Back 134

prevent the release of BDNF

Front 135

Transplanting brain tissue into Parkinson's patients would most likely be successful if:

Back 135

the transplant was accompanied by neurotrophins.

Front 136

The immediate cause of Parkinson's disease is the:

Back 136

gradual, progressive death of neurons in the substantia nigra.

Front 137

The reason why a dopamine pill is ineffective for treating Parkinson's disease is that:

Back 137

dopamine does not cross the blood brain barrier

Front 138

The psychological disorders that accompany Huntington's disease could be mistaken for which of the following?

Back 138

schizophrenia

Front 139

In Parkinson's disease, which pathway in the brain degenerates?

Back 139

substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen

Front 140

Most Parkinson's patients suffer depression:

Back 140

as one of the symptoms of the disease