Physiological Final Ch 10

Front 1

Some insects, frogs and fish survive extreme cold by:

Back 1

stocking their blood with lots of glycerol at the beginning of winter

Front 2

Set points for temperature and body fat:

Back 2

change depending on many conditions

Front 3

Generating heat is to ____ as radiating heat is to ____.

Back 3

total body mass; surface area

Front 4

Which organisms, if any, use behavioral means to regulate their body temperature?

Back 4

both poikilothermic and homeothermic

Front 5

The physiological changes that defend body temperature are mainly controlled by the:

Back 5

preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus

Front 6

One advantage of being homeothermic is that it:

Back 6

enables the individual to stay active even when the environment is cool

Front 7

When the range maintained by homeostatic processes is very narrow, what is it called?

Back 7

a set point

Front 8

Beyond about 40° or 41°C, ___ begin to break their bonds and lose their useful properties.

Back 8

proteins

Front 9

The POA/AH monitors body temperature partly by monitoring:

Back 9

its own temperature

Front 10

When bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other intruders invade the body, it mobilizes ____ to attack them.

Back 10

leukocytes

Front 11

Humans expend most of their energy on what activity?

Back 11

maintaining basal metabolism

Front 12

A person is most likely to shiver when the:

Back 12

the skin and preoptic area are both cold

Front 13

The term ____ refers to biological processes that regulate body temperature within a fixed range.

Back 13

homeothermic

Front 14

What is the benefit of maintaining a body temperature of 37 degrees Celsius?

Back 14

warmer muscles

Front 15

Homeostasis is to ____, as allostasis is to ____.

Back 15

constant; variable

Front 16

Some set points may vary considerably over time in order to respond to changes in the environment. This adaptability is known as:

Back 16

allostasis

Front 17

Damage to the preoptic area causes an animal to:

Back 17

fail to shiver and sweat sufficiently

Front 18

If an experimenter cools the preoptic area of an animal in a warm environment, the animal will:

Back 18

shiver

Front 19

If an experimenter heats the preoptic area of an animal in a cool environment, the animal will:

Back 19

pant or sweat

Front 20

A fever:

Back 20

is part of the body's defense against illness

Front 21

If an animal which lacks physiological mechanisms of temperature control gets an infection, it:

Back 21

chooses a hotter environment

Front 22

Large birds, like flamingos, often stand on one leg to:

Back 22

warm the leg that is tucked under the body

Front 23

How do reptiles control their body temperature, if at all?

Back 23

they move to different locations in the environment

Front 24

What defines a homeostatic process?

Back 24

the maintenance of variable body functions within a certain range

Front 25

Cells in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus monitor which temperatures?

Back 25

their own and skin

Front 26

Poikilothermic organisms have body temperatures which:

Back 26

are the same as the temperatures of their environment

Front 27

Processes that reduce any discrepancies from the set point are known as:

Back 27

negative feedback

Front 28

Much of motivated behavior can be described as:

Back 28

negative feedback

Front 29

Homeothermic organisms include:

Back 29

mammals and birds

Front 30

In response to infection, leukocytes release proteins called:

Back 30

cytokines

Front 31

The temperature required by reproductive cells of birds and most mammals is:

Back 31

lower than the rest of the body

Front 32

Blood vessel constriction, shivering, and sweating are controlled by which area of the brain?

Back 32

preoptic area of the hypothalamus

Front 33

Why did mammals evolve a body temperature of 37 degrees Celsius?

Back 33

They benefit from a high temperature because they seldom need to cool themselves by much.

Front 34

Poikilothermic organisms include:

Back 34

amphibians and reptiles

Front 35

Aldosterone triggers:

Back 35

an increased preference for salty tastes

Front 36

What is the hormone released by the posterior pituitary that causes your kidneys to reabsorb and conserve water?

Back 36

antudieuretic horomone

Front 37

The tendency of water to flow across a semipermeable membrane from the area of low solute concentration to the area of higher concentration is termed:

Back 37

osmotic pressure

Front 38

Individuals who have lost sodium and other solutes:

Back 38

may experience a craving for salty tastes

Front 39

Hypovolemia induces thirst by inducing production of which hormone?

Back 39

angiotensin II

Front 40

The brain can anticipate an osmotic need before the rest of the body actually experiences it:

Back 40

because the stomach can detect high levels of sodium

Front 41

What is caused by a high concentration of solutes outside the cells?

Back 41

water flows out of cells

Front 42

The areas important for detecting osmotic pressure and the salt content of the blood include:

Back 42

organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT) and subfornical organ

Front 43

Approximately what percent of the mammalian body is composed of water?

Back 43

70%

Front 44

Consuming too much salt will trigger ____ thirst. Bleeding or heavy sweating will trigger ____ thirst.

Back 44

osmotic; hypovolemic

Front 45

Which hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, both raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water?

Back 45

vasopressin

Front 46

What causes hypovolemic thirst?

Back 46

low blood volume

Front 47

Your posterior pituitary is most likely to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH):

Back 47

if you are very thirsty

Front 48

After an increase in the solute concentrations in the body, you will experience:

Back 48

osmotic thirst

Front 49

The areas around the third ventricle can detect chemicals circulating in the blood because:

Back 49

these areas are not protected by a blood-brain barrier

Front 50

Sodium specific hunger is closely associated with:

Back 50

hypovolemic thirst

Front 51

The rate at which the posterior pituitary releases vasopressin is under the control of the:

Back 51

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

Front 52

What kind of thirst is produced by an increased concentration of solutes in the blood?

Back 52

osmotic

Front 53

A combination of the hormones aldosterone and angiotensin leads to an increase in preference for ____ tastes.

Back 53

salty

Front 54

Vasopressin raises blood pressure by:

Back 54

constricting the blood vessels

Front 55

An animal knows when to stop drinking by:

Back 55

detecting how much water is in the stomach

Front 56

A rat with damage to its lateral preoptic area:

Back 56

has impaired osmotic thirst

Front 57

What effect does the hormone angiotensin II have?

Back 57

constriction of blood vessels

Front 58

What is the cause of osmotic thirst?

Back 58

increased concentration of solutes in the blood

Front 59

Like vasopressin, ____ constricts the blood vessels, compensating for the drop in blood pressure.

Back 59

angiotensis II

Front 60

Vasopressin and angiotensin II are similar in that they both promote:

Back 60

increased blood pressure

Front 61

The lateral preoptic area and surrounding parts of the hypothalamus control:

Back 61

drinking

Front 62

After a loss of blood volume, an animal will:

Back 62

alternately drink pure water and excessively concentrated saltwater

Front 63

The brain gets part of its information regarding low osmotic pressure from:

Back 63

receptors around the third ventricle

Front 64

Eating salty pretzels would most likely result in:

Back 64

craving for plain water

Front 65

Eating salty potato chips increases the concentration of sodium in the:

Back 65

extracellular fluid

Front 66

Diabetes insipidus literally means "passing without taste" because the urine is produced in such large quantities that it is tasteless. This disease is most likely caused by a problem with the production or release of:

Back 66

vasopressin

Front 67

The effect of an injection of a drug that blocks angiotensin II receptors would be:

Back 67

decreased drinking

Front 68

What is the most likely reason that many people consider eating insects "disgusting"?

Back 68

a culturally learned preference

Front 69

____ signals the brain about the body’s fat reserves, providing a long-term indicator of whether meals have been too large or too small.

Back 69

leptin

Front 70

Obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome is linked to a problem with:

Back 70

ghrelin

Front 71

When food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases which hormone?

Back 71

cholekcytokinin

Front 72

What is the name for an animal that eats only plants?

Back 72

herbivore

Front 73

Anorexia nervosa is to ____ as bulimia nervosa is to ____.

Back 73

undereating; binge eating

Front 74

The finding that many Native American Pimas have become seriously overweight within the past several decades suggests that:

Back 74

their genetic makeup and changing environment have lead to their obesity

Front 75

Glucagon stimulates the liver to covert ____ to ____

Back 75

glycogen; glucose

Front 76

Why does the level of glucose in the blood vary so little under normal circumstances?

Back 76

the liver can convert stored nutrients into glucose

Front 77

Which of the following is TRUE regarding feeding behavior?

Back 77

All of the other choices are true regarding feeding behavior

Front 78

Output from the paraventricular nucleus acts on the:

Back 78

lateral hypothalamus

Front 79

CCK, insulin, and leptin provide excitatory input to the ____ neurons in the ____ nucleus.

Back 79

satiety-sensitive; arcuate

Front 80

Which of the following groups of people would most likely benefit from taking leptin?

Back 80

obese people who fail to produce leptin

Front 81

The majority of people with ____ are ____.

Back 81

anorexia;women

Front 82

When neuropeptide Y inhibits the paraventricular nucleus, it:

Back 82

produces extreme overeating

Front 83

Which hormonal levels occur when people are eating, or getting ready to eat?

Back 83

insulin levels rise

Front 84

Chronically high insulin levels lead to increased appetite by:

Back 84

causing a high percentage of available glucose to be stored as fat

Front 85

Which of the following is probably the most important mechanism for ending a meal?

Back 85

sensations from the stomach

Front 86

Which of the following would result in an increase in body weight?

Back 86

damage to the paraventricular nucleus

Front 87

The small intestine:

Back 87

digests proteins, fats and carbohydrates

Front 88

Animals with damage in or near the ventromedial hypothalamus gain weight:

Back 88

even if they eat the same amount as a normal animal

Front 89

Which of the following is NOT true about the hormone CCK (cholecystokinin)?

Back 89

CCK crosses the blood brain barrier and inhibits cells in the hypothalamus

Front 90

Which area of the hypothalamus seems to be critical for the ending of meals?

Back 90

paraventricular nucleus

Front 91

An animal is most likely to eat more frequently and gain weight after damage to the:

Back 91

ventromedial hypothalamus

Front 92

An injection of CCK will:

Back 92

decrease the size of the next meal

Front 93

Most young mammals stop nursing, at least partly, due to the loss of what ability?

Back 93

metabolizing sugar in the milk

Front 94

What best explains the absence of the use of dairy products in many Asian cuisines?

Back 94

digestive limitations

Front 95

The first digestive site that absorbs a significant amount of nutrients is the:

Back 95

duodenum

Front 96

An animal that eats an unfamiliar food and then becomes ill develops a conditioned taste aversion. One feature of this type of learning that sets it apart from many other examples of learning is that:

Back 96

the conditioning occurs even if the illness comes hours after the food

Front 97

A drug that stimulates melanocortin receptors would most likely:

Back 97

decrease meal size

Front 98

An increase in the size of meals is most likely to occur following damage to which area of the hypothalamus?

Back 98

paraventricular

Front 99

By what means does the brain find out about the nutrient content of food in the stomach?

Back 99

activity of the splanchnic nerves

Front 100

In sham-feeding, animals are:

Back 100

allowed to chew and swallow but food never enters the stomach

Front 101

For most obese individuals, giving them leptin would:

Back 101

likely have not much of an effect

Front 102

What happens when blood insulin levels are extremely low?

Back 102

individuals will eat more than normal

Front 103

If the duodenum is partly distended and the stomach is not full, rats will:

Back 103

stop eating

Front 104

Taste and other mouth sensations contribute to:

Back 104

hunger and satiety

Front 105

What happens when insulin levels are high?

Back 105

glucose entry into the cell increases

Front 106

The ____ increases the pituitary gland’s secretion of hormones that increase insulin secretion.

Back 106

lateral hypothalamus

Front 107

What does the eating cycle of bulimia have in common with addictive drugs?

Back 107

both activate the brain's reinforcement areas

Front 108

Under what condition does orexin motivate animals to eat?

Back 108

when approaching starvation

Front 109

What happens when insulin levels remain high after completing a meal?

Back 109

the individual feels hungry again soon after eating the meal

Front 110

In the control of appetite, CCK, leptin, and insulin converge their excitatory effects onto hypothalamic cells that release transmitters in the ____ family.

Back 110

melanocortin

Front 111

The esophagus brings food from the:

Back 111

mouth to the stomach

Front 112

What is the first point in the digestive system where enzymes begin to break down food?

Back 112

mouth

Front 113

Leptin directly activates receptors in the part of the hypothalamus known as the:

Back 113

arcuate nucleus

Front 114

The large intestine:

Back 114

absorbs water and minerals

Front 115

Fructose, used in corn syrup as a sweetener, may lead to increased obesity by:

Back 115

failing to signal satiety

Front 116

Which of the following would most likely eat a BLT sandwich (Bacon, Lettuce, Tomato)?

Back 116

omnivore

Front 117

What is the name for an animal that eats only meat?

Back 117

carnivore

Front 118

An animal refuses food and loses weight after damage to the:

Back 118

lateral hypothalamus

Front 119

Which hormone controls the rate at which glucose leaves the blood and enters the cells?

Back 119

insulin

Front 120

Which of the following is more common among young females who are hardworking and perfectionistic?

Back 120

anorexia

Front 121

An animal has trouble digesting its food after damage to the:

Back 121

lateral hypothalamus

Front 122

Electrical stimulation of a rat's lateral hypothalamus would most likely result in:

Back 122

increase in food seeking behaviors

Front 123

What are two reasons why animals with ventromedial hypothalamic damage overeat?

Back 123

rapid stomach emptying and high insulin levels

Front 124

Bears eat as much as they can at one time because:

Back 124

their main foods are available in large quantities for a short period of time

Front 125

What is the main site for absorption of digested food into the bloodstream?

Back 125

small intestine

Front 126

A shipwrecked sailor lands on a deserted island that has no familiar foods. During the first few days he would be most likely to choose what kind of foods?

Back 126

sweet

Front 127

What happens when blood levels of insulin are extremely low?

Back 127

there is excess glucose in the blood but it cannot enter the cells

Front 128

High levels of leptin are associated with:

Back 128

increased activity and decreased eating

Front 129

Hunger and satiety-sensitive neurons in the arcuate nucleus affect neurons in the ____, thereby affecting meal size.

Back 129

paraventricular nucleus

Front 130

The brain finds out about the degree of stretch of the stomach from:

Back 130

the vagus nerve

Front 131

Small birds generally eat:

Back 131

only what they need at the moment

Front 132

Which of the following behaviors would be most affected by damage to the cell bodies of the lateral hypothalamus?

Back 132

feeding behavior

Front 133

What is one reason why animals with a lesion in the lateral hypothalamus eat so little?

Back 133

they experience a decreased cortical response to the sight and smell of food

Front 134

A Danish study correlating the weights of 540 adopted children with various adoptive and biological relatives found:

Back 134

a higher correlation with biological relatives than adoptive relatives

Front 135

After a certain age, most mammals lose their ability to metabolize lactose because:

Back 135

levels of the enzyme lactase decline

Front 136

Why do both high levels and very low levels of insulin lead to increased eating?

Back 136

little glucose is reaching the cell to be used as fuel

Front 137

Animals eat more frequent (but normal size) meals after damage to the ____. They eat larger meals (but at normal frequency) after damage to the ____.

Back 137

ventromedial hypothalamus; paraventricular nucleus

Front 138

If an animal eats a new food and shortly thereafter becomes ill, it will probably avoid the food subsequently because the:

Back 138

animals aquire a conditioned taste aversion

Front 139

Hunger-motive neurons in the arcuate nucleus would be most excited by:

Back 139

tasty food

Front 140

Many kinds of information impinge onto two kinds of cells in the ____ of the hypothalamus, which is regarded as the “master area” for control of appetite

Back 140

arcuate nucleus

Front 141

Ghrelin is associated with ____ in the periphery and ____ in the brain.

Back 141

stomach contractions; excitation of the arcuate nucleus