Pharmacology Block C A

Front 1

What is one of the key features of the artery

Back 1

Thickness of the vessel wall

Front 2

What does the artery transport

Back 2

Oxygenated blood around the body

Front 3

What do we have in veins

Back 3

Valves as they are under less pressure and theres a possibility of backflow

Front 4

What does blood pressure depend on

Back 4

Cardiac output-amount of blood ejected by heart each minute

Total peripheral resistance- diameter of arterioles determines resistance to flow

Front 5

What is co equal too

Back 5

HR X stroke volume

Front 6

BP=

Back 6

BP= CO X TPR

Front 7

What happens when arterioles are dilated

Back 7

Low resistance to flow — low peripheral vascular resistance — low BP

Front 8

Restricted arterioles need what

Back 8

More pressure to pump blood through

Front 9

What factors effect arterial blood pressure

Back 9

Stroke volume , heart rate, peripheral resistance, elastic vessels, blood volume, ventricular ejection(predominantly the left hand side of the heart in pumping blood out)

Front 10

What factors effect systemic blood pressure

Back 10

Autonomic nervous system

Renin-angiotensin system

Local chemical mediators released from vascular endothelium

Front 11

What is sympathetic nervous system (SNS) important

Back 11

Important in stumulating the cardiovascular system

Front 12

How is the angiotensin system important

Back 12

In regulating body fluid and sodium levels (amount of fluid your body retains has an impact on your bp) fluid retention can put tension on your heart

Front 13

How does SNS act on the heart

Back 13

Via β1 adrenoceptors to increase cardiac contractility and HR resulting in increased CO AND PB

Front 14

How does SNS act on arteries

Back 14

Produces vasoconstriction via stimulation of α1 adrenoceptors this increases BP and afterload on the heart. In a healthy heart CO is maintained via β1 stimulation and increased contractility

Front 15

How does SNS effect the veins

Back 15

sns stimulation or α1 adrenoceptors results in venoconstriction. this increases venous return to the heart (preload), raises CO and increases BP

Front 16

What is after load in the heart

Back 16

Load in the heart after its pumped out the blood after contraction

Front 17

What is noradrenaline/adrenaline

Back 17

Agonist at α and β adrenoceptors

Front 18

What is isoprenaline

Back 18

β agonist

Front 19

What is phenylephrine

Back 19

α 1 agonist

Front 20

Non selective β blocker example?

Back 20

Propanolol

Front 21

Selective β1 blocker example

Back 21

Metoprolol

Front 22

Non selective α blocker example

Back 22

Phentolamine

Front 23

Selective α1 blocker

Back 23

Prazosin

Front 24

Generally, why are β blockers used

Back 24

For their cardiodepressant effect

Front 25

Generally why are α blockers used

Back 25

For their vasodilator effects

Front 26

How does the renin angiotensin system work

Back 26

Angiotensinogen—angiotensin I—angiotensin II (BY ACE) — acts on kidney allowing sodium retention

Front 27

What can the renin angiotensin also go on to produce

Back 27

Aldosterone

And renin

Front 28

What are some endothelium derived relaxatory factors (EDRFs)

Back 28

Nitric oxide, prostacyclin, hyperpolarising factor

Front 29

What sre some EDCF

Back 29

Endothelin (ET-1)

Thromboxane A2 (TxA2)

Front 30

What is the components of blood vessel

Back 30

Tunica intima- endothelial cells on inside

Tunica media- vascular smooth muscle

Tunica externa- loosely woven collagen tissue

Front 31

What are each of these; systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure

Back 31

Systolic pressure- max arterial pressure reached during peak ventricular ejection

Diastolic- the minimum arterial pressure just before ventricular ejection begins

Pulse pressure- diff between SP AND DP

Mean arterial pressure- average pressure in the cycle

Front 32

Is is systolic and diastolic pressure measured

Back 32

Pressure released from an inflatable cuff on upper arm while listening via a stethoscope as blood flow returns to lower arm

Cut off circulation - no sound and as u release the cuff you will hear flow through vessel until the vessel is completely open then you will hear nothing

Front 33

Whats normal systolic and diastolic heart rate

Back 33

Systolic <120

Diastolic <80

Front 34

Stage 2 hypertension for systolic and diastolic

Back 34

Systolic 160 or above

Diastolic 100 or above

Front 35

What are the 2 types of hypertension

Back 35

Systemic hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension

Front 36

When does systemic hypertension occur

Back 36

Usually asymptomatic and diagnosed when patient presents with another condition

Front 37

What is pulmonary hypertension

Back 37

Found in patients with COPD where pulmonary vasculature has been effected leading to inc vascular resistance patients could have shortness of breath or chest pain

Right side of the heart can he effected

Front 38

What are some primary risk factors of hypertension

Back 38

Obesity, lack of excersise, alcohol, non insulin- dependent diabetes, age

Front 39

Secondary factors of hypertension

Back 39

Aortic coarctation, renal disease, mineralocorticoid excess, thyroid disease and eclampsia

Front 40

Effects of hypertension

Back 40

Progressive structural changes in vasculature ( thickening and narrowing of lumen of arteries)

Acceleration of atherosclerosis

Development of small aneurysms in cerebral arteries

Left ventricular hypertrophy (risk factor for ischaemic heart disease and heart failure)

Front 41

What happens in the vascular remodelling of hypertension

Back 41

Medial layer composed of smooth muscle has become much bigger

Medial later becomes thicker and lumen before smaller resulting in increased resistance because lumen is smaller

Front 42

What do β blockers do on the SNS

Back 42

decreaSe CO, reduce renin production ( reduce angII) can indirectly cause vasodilation of peripheral arteries

Front 43

α blockers on SNS

Back 43

Block post-synaptic α1 adrenoceptors leading to dilation of arteriolar resistance vessels end lower peripheral resistance. Also dilate venous capacitance vessels reducing venous return and CO

Front 44

How do ACE inhibitors work in the RA system and whats an example

Back 44

They reduce AngII levels

Captopril

Front 45

What do ang II Receptor antagonists do and whats an example

Back 45

Selectively block AT1 receptors which mediate the vasoconstrictive effects of Ang II

Losartan

Front 46

what does a vasodilator- diuretics do? And what an example

Back 46

Act at varying sites in the kidney to increase Na+ and water depletion leading to a hypotensive effect

Front 47

What do calcium channel blockers do and whats an example of one

Back 47

Block calcium entry into vascular smooth muscle cells and or cardiac muscle cells. This promotes relaxation of the muscle and vasodilation