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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder |
Chronic slowly progressive disorder characterised by airflow obstruction that doesn’t changed over several months Mostpat of the lung function impairment is fixed although some reversibility can be produced by bronchodilator or other therapy |
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Pathology in COPD |
Changes in mucus gland thickness Airflow limitation due to:- I) mechanical obstruction ii) loss of pulmonary elastic recoil Iii) reduction of the aveolar attachment around the walls of the small airways Circulatory changes are confined to advanced disease |
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What is inhaled insult |
Amount depends in concentration: frequency and duration of exposure, deposition if smoke/particulares |
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What is the features and physiological consequence of Large airways (trachea, bronchi) |
Large airways:- features- glandular hypertrophy, reduced no of cillia Physiological consequence- increased cough with or without sputum |
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What is the features and physiological consequence of Small airways (bronchioles) |
Features:- goblet cell metaplasia: smooth muscle hypertrophy, fibrosis Physiological consequence:- increased respiratory low resistance |
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What is the features and physiological consequence of Alveoli |
features:- loss of walls/cappilliaries Physiological consequence- loss of lung recoil- reduced DLCO(diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide) |
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Pulmonary vascular changes in COPD are characterized by what |
Thickening of vessel wall. Thickening of intima is the first structual change then a increase in smokth muscle and infiltration of vessel wall by inflammatory cells |
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Symptoms of COPD |
Cough sputum dyspnea and wheeze |
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What does COPD do |
Cause airway narrowing inflammation and mucus production( plug in airway) |
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Different types of bronchitis |
Simple mucoid bronchitis Mucopurulent bronchitis Chronic obstructive bronchitis |
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Clinical manifestations of COPD |
Excessive mucus production Bronchospasm, dyspnea and wheezing Hypoxia and hypercapnia-low o2 and high CO2 Productive cough Increase body weight |
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What is cor pulmonale |
Called right sided heart failure is an enlargement of the right ventricle due to high blood pressure in the lungs usually caused by chronic lung disease |
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What happens in cor pulmonale |
Less oxygen in the lungs so less oxygen in the blood so heart tries to pump blood more harder the muscle cell in the heart have hypertrophy and enlarge the heart and cells will die |
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What is emphysema |
Long term destruction if the lungs over time |
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what do substances within cigarettes do |
Damage alveoli sacs |
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How does cigarette smoking lead to tissue damage and mucus hypersecretion What can block it |
Cigarette smoking-alveolar macrophages-neutrophils-proteases- tissue damage and mucus hypersecretion Block) - cigarette smoking-oxidants - protease inhibitors (AAT, SLPI, TIMP) inhibit proteases Cigarette smoking-oxidants- tissue damage and repair |
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What do CD8 positive lymphocytes do |
Release granzymes which are proteases which lead to tissue damage(repair) and mucus hypersecretion |
