COPD is consider a syndrome of airway inflammation, mucociliary dysfunction, and changes to the structure of a persons airway. It is characterized by poorly reversible airflow obstruction and an abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs (MacNee, 2006). In many peer research articles, the articles have addressed the diagnosis and assessments of people with COPD, as well as the pharmacological and the non-pharmacological management of stable disease and exacerbations. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways, tissue of the lungs and pulmonary blood vessels. These obstruction’s are caused by irritants from inhaling substances, such as tobacco. When a person inhales irritants they can cause
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Exacerbation means when increased inflammation to the neutrophils and eosinophils. It also can be caused by bacterial or viral infections (pneumonia). Other environmental issues that can cause exacerbation are; air pollution and temperature changes. Once a person is considered to be in severe exacerbation, their gas exchanges are limited due to ventilation/perfusion exchange. Muscle fatigue is also another issue that can be caused by exacerbation. When muscle fatigue happens it causes hypoventilation and can cause hypoxaemia, hypercapnia, and respiratory acidosis. When these occur it can develop into respiratory failure. Once respiratory failure has started it causes pulmonary vasoconstriction that increases the load to the right ventricle. Once this has happen with renal changes it goes into peripheral oedema (fluid overload) (MacNee, …show more content…
The management guidelines were moved away from the linear approach to COPD management embodied in the “escalator” presented in the 1997 BTS guidelines (Halpin, 2004). Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation has shown that COPD and the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and many other diseases. Systemic inflammation is a side effect of these diseases and a study was conducted to determine if COPD patients have inflammation side effects before being diagnosed with cardiac or other diseases. In a research study that was conducted to show if the patients were either on a fixed effect or a random effect had reported to be tested with the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) or forced vital capacity (FVC), and levels of various inflammation markers. With the results completed of stable COPD, fourteen original studies were identified. 95% of the patients had reduced lung function with increased levels of inflammation
Exacerbation means when increased inflammation to the neutrophils and eosinophils. It also can be caused by bacterial or viral infections (pneumonia). Other environmental issues that can cause exacerbation are; air pollution and temperature changes. Once a person is considered to be in severe exacerbation, their gas exchanges are limited due to ventilation/perfusion exchange. Muscle fatigue is also another issue that can be caused by exacerbation. When muscle fatigue happens it causes hypoventilation and can cause hypoxaemia, hypercapnia, and respiratory acidosis. When these occur it can develop into respiratory failure. Once respiratory failure has started it causes pulmonary vasoconstriction that increases the load to the right ventricle. Once this has happen with renal changes it goes into peripheral oedema (fluid overload) (MacNee, …show more content…
The management guidelines were moved away from the linear approach to COPD management embodied in the “escalator” presented in the 1997 BTS guidelines (Halpin, 2004). Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation has shown that COPD and the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and many other diseases. Systemic inflammation is a side effect of these diseases and a study was conducted to determine if COPD patients have inflammation side effects before being diagnosed with cardiac or other diseases. In a research study that was conducted to show if the patients were either on a fixed effect or a random effect had reported to be tested with the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) or forced vital capacity (FVC), and levels of various inflammation markers. With the results completed of stable COPD, fourteen original studies were identified. 95% of the patients had reduced lung function with increased levels of inflammation