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77 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Define Oceanography

The study of the physical and/or biological parameters of the ocean through geologic time.

What are some reasons to study oceanography?

1. General Education Requirement (GER)


2. Climate effects (Currents transport heat globally)


3. Size (Oceans are 70-80% of the world)


4. Conservation efforts


5. Food (<3% from oceans, rare and expensive)


6. Transportation


7. Energy (petroleum drilling, hydroelectricity, geothermal, wind, total energy)


8. Products (petroleum, salt, chalk, sand, gravel for concrete, hydroelectric energy, clay)

What is the world's largest ocean?

Pacific

The breakdown of oxygen in H2O results in methane geysers, and therefore dead zones. This location is the most well-known dead zone in the world.

Bermuda Triangle

This is the most important concept in geology, and everything can be reflected back to this (development of life on earth)

Plate tectonics

There are two theories used to explain the creation of the earth are:
Note: The products of both is molten mass, cooling to form solid rock. We do not know which is correct.

Cold accretionary model and hot accretionary model

In this model, the big bang occurs, releasing substances that were harnessed by gravity and "spun" into a molten ball of matter.

Hot accretionary model

In this model, the big bang occurs, and pieces of matter collided, cooled, and added to form planets that then melted together, forming a molten mass.

Cold accretionary model

Which theory does Zumwalt believe to be correct?

Cold accretionary model

This is the solid sphere composed of multiple parts (plates). Beneath it is lava. Its height is controlled by the weight and density of the sphere itself. (Think of a boat floating in water)

Lithosphere

Points of Interest


*The liquid mantle is referred to as the aesthenosphere


*Heat convection pushes lithosphere up to form large ridges


*Oceanic crust is the same composition as the litosphere


Where did oceanic H2O come from?

Magma; water vapor cools and fills the crevices in the lithosphere

Gravitational differentiation speculation


Key points: Red indicates heavy materials
Blue indicates light materials
Protocontinents are formed

*Each earth component spins at a different rate with the inner core moving most slowly and the outer crust moving most quickly.


*Layers spin past one another, generating large magnetic fields that cancel each other out


*What we feel at the surface is the result, and this changes throughout time


*Magnetic reversals happen at the surface


*North/south configs switch based on the internal movement


Ok

Plates can move in three directions, relative to one another. They can:

Converge, diverge, or move past one another

Where does most plate movement occur?

At boundaries

DIVERGENCE


*All Lithospheric plates and oceanic crust are formed in the RIFT ZONE in the mid-oceanic ridge


*Where midoceanic ridge extends above sea level, islands are formed


This is a flat-topped volcano.

Gyote

This is another name for sea level dropping

Regression

What is the largest geologic feature on the globe?

Abyssal Plane

Convection causes lithospheric plate divergence. How much movement is caused per year?

5cm/year

When displacement occurs, what happens as a result?

Sea level rises

When water flows out of the basin and onto continents, movement of shoreline toward the center of the continent occurs. This is also known as:

Transgression

This primarily controls sea level.

The rate of convection

This is a break in rock in which motion occurs.

Fault

This is a volcano away from a heat source

Sea mount

CONVERGENCE


Key Points:


*3 kinds of convergent boundaries based on what lithospheric plates are carrying (oceanic crust or continental)


*Oceanic-oceanic convergence


*oceanic-continent convergence (Shown in the pic)


*Continential-Continential


These are accumulations of sediment against the continental crust as convergence occurs

Melange


These are accumulations of buckled pieces of oceanic crust building up against the continental crust as convergence occurs

Ophiolites

Sea mounts and gyotes are scraped off and added to the edge of the continent. These resulting land forms are referred to as:

Exotic terrain

What is the difference between a sea mount and a gyote?

Gyotes are flat topped and in shallow water. Sea mounts are pointed and always in deep water.

When was the Atlantic Ocean the largest?

Today because the Atlantic Ocean is constantly growing

When was the Pacific Ocean at its largest?

Millions of years ago before the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Oceans began (180 mya)

The ocean system is this type of system: [static/dynamic] [open/closed]

Dynamic Closed

In Oceanic-Continential Convergence, this main interaction occurs between the oceanic crust and the continental crust.

Oceanic crust is pushed beneath the continent


This term refers to the sliding of oceanic crust beneath a continent, occurring in a particular zone named for this phenomenon.

Subduction (Subduction zone)

This is deep water off the edge of a continent.

Trench

The oceanic crust and lithospheric plates are consumed in this area:

Subduction zone

This is world's deepest trench.

Mariana's Trench

How deep is Mariana's Trench?

11,000+ meters or 36,000+ feet.

These are also called Magellan Blocks.

Exotic Terrain

Where would you go to find evidence of accreation?

Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, etc. West coast states, because they are composed fully of secreted materials

Where is the North American subduction zone?

Californian coast, extending N/S

Which is the highest mountain in the Himalayas?

Mount Everest and K2 are about the same height

Where would you find the oldest pieces of oceanic crust?

In ovulites on land

In Oceanic-Oceanic convergence, this occurs:

One piece slides beneath another. Extrusion occurs (volcanoes)

What is the closest example of oceanic-oceanic convergence to us?

Sierra Nevada Mountains (Mesocordilleran geanticline??; volcanic during mesozoic time and in the west coast US)

In continential/continential collisions, these land masses are a direct result:

Large scale mountains with material forced into the sky and down into the aesthenosphere. Example: Appalachian Mts.

This intraplate phenomenon is when point convections within the aesthenosphere melt through the overlying plate

This intraplate phenomenon is when point convections within the aesthenosphere melt through the overlying plate

Hot spots/plumes


Note: Lava and magma stream in all directions, resulting in no plate motion bc all vectors cancel

This is the bent path as a result of plates changing direction.

Nematath (A submarine ridge across an Atlantic-type ocean basin which is not an orogenic structure, but which is composed of otherwise undeformed continental crust)

This is when heat forms a convection cell within large continents, sometimes causing continents to rift

Insipient Ridge System

This is a series of faults that allow plates to move past one another.

Transform fault boundaries


Ex: San Andreas Fault

*Occurs in pairs, appearing straight


*Lots of Left Laterals in a row = overall feature bends left


*Lots of Right Laterals in a row = overall feature bends right

Why do right and left lateral orientations occur?

They are fitting linear features to the spherical shape of earth

What two major events make up the supercontinent cycle?

Rifting and subduction


*WATCH SUPERCONTINENT CYCLE VIDEO*


Gonduanaland - Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica

How does Pan III occur?

All of Pan III except Antarctica will be forced across Antarctic spreading ridge. Its new location will be around the south pole which will result in a large glaciation

What was the result of North America hitting Gonduanaland?

Southern mountain ranges of the US, eventually Pan II

What causes rifting?

Insipient ridges

What is the cycling time of rifting and suturing?

300 million years

How many Pangaeas have we had?

15+

What causes transgressions and regressions?

Convection -> Water displacement

What are the climate-related effects of plate tectonics on small continents?

Temperature stays relatively the same (about the same as water)


*Maritime climatic regime

How is climate predicted on a global scale?

Weather is predicted based on sourced air flow

Why can tropical systems support many more organisms that polar regions?

There are very few organisms that can adapt to very cold environments



Remember: Plate tectonics controls the number of species and what species live in a region

Trophic Resource Stability follows the same gradients as:

Climate

This is the total number of provinces a defined area, usually globally, contains

Provinciality

Organisms that have similar physiological tolerances live in the same ____

Community

Naturally occurring groups of organisms that are genetically similar enough to breed and form a viable offspring

Species

What are examples of reproductive isolating barriers?

Deep water, land, temperature

How many shallow water provinces are in each image?

How many shallow water provinces are in each image?

A. 2


B. 32


C. 22

How many shallow water provinces are in each image?

How many shallow water provinces are in each image?

A. 68 on this side, 54 total


B. 35 on this side, 56 total

What is the max number of provinces the earth can have?

32

How many provinces exist today and why?

31 bc so many n/s orientations exist

How many deep H2O provinces are there?

Just one

What are isolating barriers for terrestrial areas?

Oceans and temperature


Note: count the pieces on the picture

What three things does the size of a wave depend on?

Velocity, fetch (area over which wind blows), and time