Oceanography Key Terms #1

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Pytheas

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Made one of the 1st recorded voyages from the Mediterranean to England, and started navigating, tides/moon and more

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Eratosthenes

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From Egypt and mapped what he know of the world and found the circumference of the globe

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Ptolemy

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First world atlas, and established world boundaries

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Vikings

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Journeyed inland on rivers through Europe and western Asia, very good at travelling the northern Atlantic and discovered Iceland and Greenland

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Arab Traders

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Made great trade routes across the indian ocean and made a lot of money

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Columbus

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Accidentaly reached the Americas thinking it was athe indies because of innaccurate maps

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Amerigo Vespucci

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Traveled along the South American coast and accepted it as not being Asia but a different continent

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Ferdinand Magellan

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Found the southern tip of South America and crossed the Pacific

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Johannes Keplar

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Planetary Motion

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Galileo Galilei

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Theories of tidal motion

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Issac Newton

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Wrote Principia proving the law of gravity which explains tides

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James Cook

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Commander of the Endeavour which circumnavigated the globe and explored Australia and New Zealand

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Benjamin Franklin

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(Timothy Folgers cousin) charted the Gulf Stream and sped up travel with the trade winds

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Matthew Maury

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Founded the Naval Department of Charts which lead to faster and safer sea travel

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Charles Darwin

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Collected and classified organisms from land and sea.

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Edward Forbes

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(Ross' Uncle) Surveyed marine life around the British Isles and the Med and Aegean sea collecting deep sea organisms

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John Ross

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(Forbes' newphew) Arctic Explorer, deeper sea organisms collected

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Challenger Expedition

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"British Corvette" used steam power. Was for scientific purposes only and laid the foundation for the science of oceanography

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Fridtjof Nansen

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Arctic explorer basically freezing a ship in the ice and having it drift

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Fram

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"to push forward" the ship Nansen used in the drift

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Meteor

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First to use echo sounder to find depths of the ocean (German vessal)

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Herodotus

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First scientist to systematically collect information and test the results

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Nunez de Balboa

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became the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World.

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Does Low pressure go to high pressure or high pressure go to low pressure?

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high to low

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Carl Sagen

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Cosmos, "cosmos is, was, and always will be"

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Cosmos

Back 26

the universe

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What type of rock is devils lake made of

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quartzite

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Fast rivers create small or large rocks?

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large

Front 29

What do vertical lines in rocks conclude?

Back 29

mountain building

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Metamorphism

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rocks that change shape from heat and or pressure. Form deep in earths surface

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Sedimentary

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bits and pieces of rock or debree that are glued together. Form in shallow areas

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Igneous

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Rocks crystalized from a liquid rock. They are formed and cooled very quickly

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Rivers or Oceans cause round rocks

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oceans

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James Hutton

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Found Sicker Point (Scottland)which is a great example of unconformity.

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Youngest to oldest Mesozoic,Paleozoic,Precambrian, and Cenozoic

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Precambrian Era, Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era, Cenozoic Era

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Precambrian Era

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4.6 Billion Years-570 Million years ago

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Paleozoic Era

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570 Million Years- 245 Million Years ago. Paleo (old) zoic (life). First shells found from this time

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Mesozoic Era

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245 Million Years- 65 Million Years ago. Meso (middle). Age of the dinosaurs.

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Cenozoic Era

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65 Million Years- Present. Mammals.

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Relative Geologic Time

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When something happened in relation to something else

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Absolute Geologic Time

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Exactly when something happened

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Principle of Superposition

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In layered undisturbed rocks the oldest are at the bottom and the youngest are at the top

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Principle of Cross Cutting Relationship

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Anything being cut is older than whats cutting it

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Principle of Faunal Succession

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If fossils are in seperate in horizontal lines you will never find the order out of succession. so if they are top to bottom A,B,C you will never find A below C or C above A etc.

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Radioactivity

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One element that changest to a different element.

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Whats the # of Protons?

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Atomic #

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Atomic # + Neutrons=

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Atomic Mass

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Whats a half life

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The time it takes for a half of the parent to break down to the daughter element

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To calculate how old something is what do you do?

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Takes the # of parents around now/# of parents around + # of daughters now. Then however halves that is you times that number by the HL

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What needs to be true to make the equation for HL true

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No daughters can produce anything. The decay rate has to be constant. Assumption of a closed system (stuff isn't getting out of the rock)

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Whats the max amount of half lives something can have?

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7

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What are the 4 layers of the earth from inner most to outter most

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Inner core (solid, iron and nickle) outer core (liquid, iron and nickle) Mantle (Iron and magnesium)Crust (egg shell)

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Characteristics of Oceanic Crust: Location

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Under Ocean basins

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Characteristics of Oceanic Crust: Whats it made of?

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Basaltic Rocks. (Igneous)

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Characteristics of Oceanic Crust: What color are the rocks?

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Dark Colors (Shallow=cold=fast crystalization) Fine Grained

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Characteristics of Oceanic Crust: Iron and Silicon make up?

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High Iron, Low Silicon

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Characteristics of Oceanic Crust: Density

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High Density

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Characteristics of Oceanic Crust: Thin or thick

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thin

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Characteristics of Continental Crust: Location

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Under continents

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Characteristics of Continental Crust: Whats it made of

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Granite Igneous Rocks

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Characteristics of Continental Crust: Rock characteristics

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Course grained, different colors, so it developed slowly. Deep=hot=slow=light colors

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Characteristics of Continental Crust: Iron and Silicon make up

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Low Iron, High Silicon

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Characteristics of Continental Crust: Density

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Low

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Characteristics of Continental Crust: Thick or Thin

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Thick

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Whats the Lithosphere and what are some characteristics

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its the crust and upper matle. Cool and brittle. Floating on the Asthenosphere

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Is the Lithospheric Oceanic Plate fluid or sticky?

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fluid

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is the lithospheric Continental plate fluid or sticky

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sticky

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Are oceanic plates higher than continental or lower? and why

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lower, because continental are less dense and thicker

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Continental Drift? Why could this be true?

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Proposed by Wegener. Look at the shapes of the continents, rock types, and fossils.

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What made the idea of Continental drift more accepted?

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Sea Floor Spreading.

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Is oceanic lithosphere or continental lithosphere younger and why?

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Oceanic because it is continually being created and destroyed.

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What are the 3 types of plate boundaries?

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Divergent (<--I-->) Convergent (-->I<--) and Transform ^Iv.

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Higher Temperature creates Higher Velocity which creates what density

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decrease in density so it would float

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Whats the formula to find the depth of the ocean through sonar?

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d=v x t/2

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Divergent plates have a fast or slow spreading rate?

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fast

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which ocean has a faster spreading rate?

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pacific?

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What connects divergent plate boundaries?

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transform plate boundaries

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What temperature creates stronger earthquakes?

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cold (glass blower)

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How strong are the volcanoes in a transform plate boundary?

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n/a

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Whats a good exampkle of a transform plate boundary?

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san andreas fault

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Ex of a divergent plate boundary

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MOR

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Landforms of divergent plates

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ridge

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volcanoes on a divergent plate?

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yes, non explosive

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What is the only kind of divergent?

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ocean ocean

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eqs in a divergent?

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yes weak (near magma) and only shallow

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whats the distance of oceanic plates?

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0-70 km

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whats the distance of continental plates?

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70-150 km

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Ocean Ocean Transform land forms?

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remains flat except for the fracture zones

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ocean ocean transform volcanoes

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none

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ocean ocean transform eqs

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Yes, but weak because they are near magma

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continent continent transform boundaries ex

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san andreas fault

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c-c transform landforms

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flat with fracture zones

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c-c transform volcanoes

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no volcanoes

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c-c transform eqs

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shallow and intermediate. Very powerful

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what is the difference between lvl 1 eq and lvl 2 eq

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30x stronger

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what is considered a big one for eqs

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8 mags

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o-c convergent landforms

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trenches and composite cones

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o-c convergent volcanoes

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yes, explosive

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o-c convergent eqs

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all types because of subduction but they are weak

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o-o convergent landforms

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trenches and some crests

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o-o convergent volcanoes

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non explosive

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o-o convergent eqs

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all depths, very strong. Strongest are at the surface

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c-c convergent ex

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himalayas

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c-c convergent landforms

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mountain ranges

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c-c convergent volcanoes

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none

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c-c convergent eq's

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shallow and intermediate, very strong.

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what type of rocks are volcanoes

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basalt

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pahoehoe is smooth or rough

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smooth

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aa is smooth or rough

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rough