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77 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Percent of Earth covered in ocean
70.8%
Oceans contain ____% of surface water
97.2
What two oceans are close in size for second biggest?
Alantic and indian Ocean (Alantic is bigger)
What is the biggest Ocean?
pacific
List the five oceans
pacific
Alantic
Indian
Arctic
Antartic
Which Ocean is the smallest and shallowst?
Artic
Deepest part of Ocean
Mariana trench (36,161 ft deep)
Where is the Mariana trench located?
Pacific Ocean near Japan
What is the average depth of water?
12,234 ft
What is the average land elevation?
2,756 ft
Percent of Earth covered in ocean
70.8%
Oceans contain ____% of surface water
97.2
What two oceans are close in size for second biggest?
Alantic and indian Ocean (Alantic is bigger)
What is the biggest Ocean?
pacific
List the five oceans
pacific
Alantic
Indian
Arctic
Antartic
Which Ocean is the smallest and shallowst?
Artic
Deepest part of Ocean
Mariana trench (36,161 ft deep)
Where is the Mariana trench located?
Pacific Ocean near Japan
What is the average depth of water?
12,234 ft
What is the average land elevation?
2,756 ft
List some of the fields of study in Oceanography
Marine Geology, Marine Biology, Physical Oceanography, Chemical oceanography, marine engineering
How were pacific islanders able to travel long distances?
small islands were widely distributed/ and many were forced to leave
What group explored the Mediterranean Sea, Africa and the british isles and why did they travel?
Phonicians and trade
Who reached Iceland in 325 B.C.?
The greek Pytheas
Who created one of the first maps in 150 A.D.
Ptolemy(WIKI)
What group explored the N. Alantic Ocean, Iceland, and Greenland?
Vikings
Who discovered Vinland in 995 AD
Leif Eriksson
What (Viking) settlements were abandoned my 1450 AD?
Greenland and Vinland
Why were people exploring the oceans after 1492?
Search for new trade routes
What country explored trade routes around Africa?
Portugal
Prince Henry the Navigator was from what country?
Portugal
Where did Europeans explore?
North and South America
Name two European explorers
Cabot, Columbus
Who was the dominant naval power prior to 1588?
The Spanish (armada)
Who was the dominant naval power after 1588?
British Isles
Who was one of the first captains who set sail for science?
James Cook
What were the three ships that Cook captained
HMS Endevour, Resolution, Adventure
What gave Captain Cook the edge in ocean exploration?
Marine Chronograph (watch)
What were some of Cook's contributions to science?
mapped islands in the Pacific
systematically measured ocean characteristics
What explorer discovered worldwide patterns of wind and ocean currents?
Maury
What is a nebula?
cloud of gas and space dust
What two elements make up a nebula?
Hydrogen and Helium
According to the nebular hypothesis how was the sun formed?
Gravity concentrates material at the center of the cloud
According to the nebular hypothesis how were the protoplanets formed?
smaller concentrations (than the sun) of matter in the nebula
What kind of composition did protoearth have?
Homogeneous
How do we believe the moon was formed?
During this time the earth was bombarded by meteorites, but the moon formed with a large asteroid collided with the earth
What effect did solar radiation have on protoearth's atmosphere?
-initial atmosphere boiled away
-ionized particles (solar wind) swept away nebular gases
What creates radioactive heat?
spontaneous disintegration of atoms
Where did the heat necessary to partially melt protoearth come from?
the contraction due to gravity
What does density stratification mean?
Layered earth
Where is the densest material on the earth?
the core
Where is the least densest material on the earth?
the crust
What is the chemical composition of the crust? (density/elements)
Low density and mainly silicate materials
What elements make up the mantle?
Fe +Mg and silicate materials
What elements make up the core?
Fe + Ni
what is the lithosphere and what are some characteristics?
crust, rigid, brittle
What is the asthenosphere and what are some characteristics?
under crust, warm, plastic, able to flow
where is the mesosphere located?
under the asthenosphere.
What are the characteristics of Ocean Crust?
-underlies ocean basin
-igneous rock basalt
-thickness 8 km (5 miles)
-relatively high density
What are the characteristics of Continental Crust?
-Underlies continents
-Igneous Rock granite
-average thickness 35 km (22 miles)
lower density
What is Isostatic adjustment?
Buoyancy
less dense "floats" higher than more dense
What did partial melting result in?
Outgassing
what is released from outgassing?
mostly water vapor
but carbon dioxide hydrogen and other gases like methane and ammonia
How did the oceans become salty>
rain dissolved rocks
dissolved compounds (ions) accumulated in ocean

stays constant
where was earliest fossilized life discovered?
ocean
who did the experiment that said that organic molecules were formed by ultra violet light, electricity, a mixture of water and carbon dioxide, hydrogen methane and ammonia?
Stanley Miller
Who proposed the idea of one large continent
Wegener
What is the name of the one large continent?
Pangea
what is the name of the ocean that surrounded the one large continent
Panthalassa
Who discovered that mid ocean ridge is a site of new ocean crust
Harry Hess
Oceanic Trench is a where what kind of tectonic fault thingy is?
subduction
Heat flow is highest at crest of what?
mid-ocean ridge
What are the characteristics of divergent boundaries?
Plates move apart
mid ocean rift
rift valley
new ocean floor created
shallow earthquakes
(mid Atlantic ridge)
What are the differences between Oceanic rise, oceanic ridge?
rise - fast spreading gentle slopes

ridge- slow spreading, steep slops
What are the characteristics of convergent boundaries?
plates move towards each other
oceanic crust destroyed
(oceanic trench, volcanic arc)
deep earth quakes
Transform boundary features
shallow but strong earthquakes
perpendicular to mid ocean ridge
What is wilsons cycle?
-life cycle of ocean basins
formation
growth
destruction