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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Basalt
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Heavy, dark minerals composed of oxygen, silicon, magnesium, and iron. Make up the oceanic crust
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Granite
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Continental Crust. oxygen, silicon, and
aluminum. |
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Lithosphere
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Cool, rigid outer layer
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Asthenosphere
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Hot, partially melted. Upper mantle below the lithosphere
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Lower Mantle
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Extends to the core.
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Radioactive Decay
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Process which generates heat when unstable forms of elements are transformed into new elements
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Conduction
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Migration of heat
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Convection
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Fluid is heated, expends and becomes less dense
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Buoyancy
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Ability of an object to float in a fluid by displacing a volume of that fluid equal in weight to the floating object’s own weight
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Isostatic Equilibrium
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Balance between the Earth's crust and the mantle
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Fault
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Plane of Weakness
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Pacific Ring of Fire
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Circle of violent geological activity surrounding much of the Pacific Ocean
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Radiometric Dating
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Unstable, naturally radioactive elements lose particle from their nuclei and ultimately change into new stable elements
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Echo Sounders
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Devices that measure depth by bouncing high-frequency sound waves off the bottom
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Convection Currents
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Slow-flowing circuits of material within the mantle
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Seafloor Spreading
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A process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge
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Subduction
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The crust plunges down into the mantle along the periphery of the Pacific
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Divergent Plate Boundary
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A line along which two plates are moving apart and at which oceanic crust forms
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Convergent Plate Boundaries
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Regions of violent geological activity where plates of pushing together
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Transform Faults
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Relative plate motion is changed, or transformed, along them
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Paleomagnetism
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Fossil, or remnant, magnetic field of a rock
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Magnetometer
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Measures the amount of direction of residual magnetism in a rock sample
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Mantle Plums
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Continent-sized columns of superheated mantle originating at the core-mantle boundary
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Superplume
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Lifting Africa
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Hot Spots
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One of the surface expressions of plumes of magma rising from relatively stationary sources of heat in the mantle
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Terranes
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Plateaus, isolated segments of seafloor, ocean ridges, ancient island arcs, and parts of continental crust that are squeezed and sheared on its surface
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Bathymetry
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Discovery and study of ocean floor contours
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Continental Margin
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Submerged outer edge of the continent
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Passive Margins
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Continental margins facing the edges of divergin plates. Little activity
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Active Margins
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Continental margins near the edges of converging plates
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Continental Shelf
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Shallow submerged extension of a continent
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Continental Slope
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Transition between the gently descending continental shelf and the deep-ocean floor
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Shelf Break
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Marks the abrupt transition from continental shelf to slope
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Submarine Canyons
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Cut into the continental shelf and slope, often terminating on the deep sea floor in a fan shaped wedge of sediment
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Turbidity Currents
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Local landslide or sediment liquefaction triggered by earthquakes sometimes causes an abrasive underwater avalanche
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Oceanic Ridge
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Mountainous chain of young basaltic rock at the active spreading center of an ocean
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Transform Faults
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Fractures along which lithosphereic plates slide horizontally. Active
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Hydrothermal Vents
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Hot springs in oceanic ridges
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Abyssal Hills
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Small, sediment covered, extinct volanoes or intrusions of once- molten rock
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Seamounts
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Volcanic projections that do not rise above the surface of the sea
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Guyots
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Flat-topped seamounts that once were tall enough to approach or penetrate the sea surface
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Trench
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Arc-shaped depression in the deep ocean floor
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Island arcs
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Curving chains of volcanic islands and seamounts, almost always found parallel the concave edges of trenches
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Sediment
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Particles of organic or inorganic matter that accumulate in a loose, unconsolidated form
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Terrigenous Sediments
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Originate on the continents or islands from erosion, volcanic eruptions, and blown dust
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Biogenous Sediments
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Siliceous (Si containing) and calcareous (CaCO3) compounds that make up these sediments of biological origin were originally brought to the ocean in solution by rivers or dissolved in the ocean at oceanic ridges
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Hydrogenous Sediments
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Mineral that have precipitated directly from seawater
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Microtektites
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Translucent oblong of glass
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Cosmogenous Sediments
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FROM SPACE!!
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Neritic Sediments
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"Of the coast" terrigenous material
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Pelagic Sediments
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Sediments of slope rise and deep ocean floor that originate in the ocean
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Lithification
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Conversion into sedimentary rock by pressure induced compaction of by cementation
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Clamshell Sampler
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Takes shallow samples
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Piston Corer
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Deep Samples
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Paleoceanography
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Study of the ocean's past
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Stratigraphy
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Analysis of layered sedimentary deposit
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