Nbde Microbiology/pathology Bn Disord

Front 1

Characterized by a decrease in bone mass due to loss of bone matrix.

Back 1

Osteoporosis

Front 2

What condition is the most common disorder in older persons?

Back 2

Osteoporosis

Front 3

What are the characteristics of osteoporosis?

Back 3

Fractures
Kyphosis
Shortened Stature

Front 4

What are the predisposing factors of osteoporosis?

Back 4

Physical activity
Hypercorticism
Hyperthyroidism
Calcium Deficiency

Front 5

What ions are typically normal in patients with osteoporosis?

Back 5

Serum calcium
Phosphate levels

Front 6

What is the leading cause of osteoporosis?

Back 6

A drop in estrogen which is associated with postmenopausal women

Front 7

An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multiple fractures with minimal trauma. it is caused by mutations in either of the genes that code for type 1 collagen

Back 7

Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease)

Front 8

What are the characteristics of osteogenesis imperfecta?

Back 8

The blue sclerae
hearing loss
dental abnormalities
* Teeth poor due to dentin malformation

Front 9

An autoimmune disorder caused by autoantibodies to postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors of the neuromuscular junction.

Back 9

Myasthenia gravis

Front 10

What is myasthenia gravis commonly presented as?

Back 10

Ptosis
Diplopia
Difficulty chewing
Speaking
Swallowing

Front 11

For unexplained reasons, myasthenis gravis is associated with what?

Back 11

Thymic hyperplasia / Thymoma

Front 12

The most common form of arthritis. A chronic inflammatory joint disease.

Back 12

Osteoarthritis

Front 13

What characterizes osteoarthritis?

Back 13

Eburnation
Cystic changes in subchondral bone
New Bone formation

Front 14

Polished, ivory-like appearance of bone, due to erosion of overlying cartilage.

Back 14

Eburnation

Front 15

In osteoarthritis _____ can form at the distal interphalangeal joints (_____ _____) or at the proximal interphalangeal joints (_____ _____).

Back 15

Osteocytes (bone spurs)
Heberden nodes
Bouchard nodes

Front 16

A rare disorder characterized primarily by increased bone density as old bone is not resorbed and replaced with new bone.

Back 16

Osteopetrosis (marble bone disease, Albers-Schonberg disease)

Front 17

What is the cause of osteopetrosis?

Back 17

Failure in osteoclast activity

Front 18

What are the two clinical forms of Osteopetrosis?

Back 18

1. Autosomal recessive malignant infantile form (Severe)
2. Autosomal dominant variant (less severe)

Front 19

What are the main features of osteopetrosis?

Back 19

- Multiple fractures in spite of increased bone density
- Anemia due to small marrow spaces
- Blindness, deafness, CN involvement due to impingement in neural foramina

Front 20

What are some non-neoplastic diseases of bone?

Back 20

Achondroplasia
Scurvy
von Recklinghausen disease of bone
Osteomalacia
Rickets
Fibrous dysplasia

Front 21

One of the most common causes of dwarfism. An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by short limbs with normal sized head and trunk.

Back 21

Achondroplasia

Front 22

Caused by a vitamin C deficiency, and characterized by bone lesions leading to impaired osteoid matrix formation which is caused by failure of the _____ and _____ hydroxylation required for collagen synthesis.

Back 22

Scurvy
Proline
Lysine

Front 23

Caused by primary or secondary hyperparathyrodism. Widespread osteolytic lesions are characteristic.

Back 23

von Recklinghausen disease of bone (osteitis fibrosa cystica)

Front 24

Caused by a vitamin D deficiency in adults. Defective calcification of osteoid matrix is characteristic

Back 24

Osteomalacia

Front 25

Caused by a vitamin D deficiency in children.

Back 25

Rickets

Front 26

Characterized by normal bone being replaced by fibrous tissue. there are three classifications depending on extensiveness of skeletal involvement.

Back 26

Fibrous dysplasia

Front 27

What are the three classifications of Fibrous dysplasia?

Back 27

1. Monostotic - one bone
2. Polystotic - more than one bone
3. Polystotic with associated endocrine disturbances (Albrights Syndrome)

Front 28

During the years of rapid growth, blood supply to the growing ends of the bones (epiphyses) may become insufficient resulting in what?

Back 28

Necrotic bone, usually near joints

Front 29

The term _____ _____ is used to describe Osteochondrosis.

Back 29

Avascular Necrosis

Front 30

The degeneration followed by reossification of one or more ossification centers in children.

Back 30

Osteochondrosis

Front 31

What characterizes the bone in osteochondrosis?

Back 31

Degeneration
Aseptic Necrosis
Regeneration
Reossification

Front 32

Where are the places that osteochonrosis can occur?

Back 32

Head of femur - (Legg-Calve-Perthes disease)
Tibial tuberosity - (Osgood-Schlatter disease)
Tarsal navicular bone - (Kohler disease)
Intervertebral joints - (Scheurmann disease)
Metatarsal head - (Freiburg infraction)

Front 33

Metabolic bone disease that involves bone destruction and regrowth that results in deformity.

Back 33

Paget's disease (osteitis deformans)

Front 34

What is the cause of Paget's Disease?

Back 34

Unknown
Thought to be caused in part by a childhood virus

Front 35

What virus particle has been found within the bone cells of individuals with Paget's disease?

Back 35

Paramyxovirus nucleocapsid

Front 36

What areas of the body does Paget's disease most commonly affect?

Back 36

Spine
Pelvis
calvarium of the skull
femur
tibia

Front 37

What disease may localize to one (monostotic) or two (polyostotic) areas within the skeleton, or become widespread. The skull may enlarge head size and cause hearing loss, if the cranial nerves are damaged by the bone growth.

Back 37

Paget's disease

Front 38

Paget's disease has _____ _____ _____ caused by increases in both osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity is characteristic.

Back 38

Abnormal bone architecture

Front 39

What happens to the teeth in Paget's disease?

Back 39

Intraoral spreading of the teeth

Front 40

What are Paget's disease patients predisposed to developing?

Back 40

Osteosarcomas

Front 41

what are the laboratory findings for a Patient with Paget's disease?

Back 41

Anemia
Increased serum alkaline phosphatase levels
elevated 24 hr urine level for hydroxyproline

Front 42

In Paget's disease the mixed osteoblastic and osteolytic phase of bone formation leads to what?

Back 42

Characteristic mosaic pattern

Front 43

Serum acid phosphatse levels are elevated in patients with _____ cancer.

Back 43

Prostate

Front 44

Disease of the bone characterized by decreased serum phosphorus and an increase in serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase.

Back 44

Von Recklinghausen's Disease

Front 45

An unusual reaction or inflammatory response of the dental pulp of the tooth to a low grade infection.

Back 45

Condensing Osteitis

Front 46

Soft Bones

Back 46

Osteomalacia

Front 47

Bone protein matrix composed of type 1 collagen.

Back 47

Osteoid

Front 48

When there is insufficient _____ or osteoblast dysfunction, the osteoid does not mineralize properly, and it accumulates.

Back 48

Vitamin D

Front 49

This deficiency occurs when newly formed bone of the growth plate does not mineralize, the growth plate becomes thick, wide and irregular.

Back 49

Rickets

Front 50

When remodeled bone does not mineralize _____ occurs, and happens in all ages.

Back 50

osteomalacia

Front 51

Most hereditary causes of osteomalacia appear during _____ and cause _____.

Back 51

Childhood
Rickets

Front 52

Vitamin D deficiency in adults

Back 52

Osteomalacia

Front 53

Osteomalacia appears to be more common in ______.

Back 53

Women

Front 54

What is often the only way to differentiate between osteoporosis and osteomalacia?

Back 54

Bone Biopsy

Front 55

What are symptoms of Osteomalacia?

Back 55

Diffuse bone pain (esp. in the hip)
Muscle weakness
Bone fractures w/ min. trauma

Front 56

Vitamin D deficiency in children

Back 56

Rickets

Front 57

What are the clinical manifestations involving the skull in Rickets

Back 57

Craniotabes: bones of the skull soften/flattening of posterior skull can be seen

Front 58

What are the clinical manifestations involving the teeth in Rickets?

Back 58

Teeth erupt later due to undermineralization. Enamel poor quality causing caries

Front 59

What are the clinical manifestations involving the thorax in Rickets?

Back 59

Rachitic rosary - thickening of the costochondral junctions
Harrison groove - Semicoronal impression over the abdomen at the level of insertion of the diaphram

Front 60

What are the 5 histological stages of fracture healing?

Back 60

1. Fracture
2. Formation of granulation tissue around fractured bone ends.
3. Replacement of granulation tissue by callus
4. Replacement of callus by lamellar bone
5. Remodeling of bone to normal contour

Front 61

What are the three phases of healing fractures?

Back 61

Reactive Phase
Reparative Phase
Remodeling Phase

Front 62

Which phase of healing is associated with:
- Fracture
- Formation of granulation tissue around fractured bones

Back 62

Reactive Phase

Front 63

Which phase of healing is associated with:
- Replacement of granulation tissue by callus
- Replacement of callus by lamellar bone

Back 63

Reparative phase

Front 64

Which phase of healing is associated with:
- Remodeling of bone to normal contour

Back 64

Remodeling phase

Front 65

Why do fractures fail to heal?

Back 65

Ischemia
Excessive Mobility
Interposition of Soft Tissue
Infection

Front 66

What is most often a sequela of fractured bones due to the mechanical disruption of bone marrow fat and by alterations in plasma lipids?

Back 66

Fat Embolism