Microbiology Final Exam Guide

Front 1

1. What is required to see viruses?

Back 1

Electron microscope

Front 2

1. What kind of parasite are viruses?

Back 2

Obligate intracellular

Front 3

1. What is the size range of viruses?

Back 3

20 nm to 300 nm

Front 4

What is the biggest virus?

Back 4

Acanthamoebapolyphaga

Front 5

1. What is the extracellular state of avirus called?

Back 5

Virion

Front 6

1. What is the outer layer of the virionused for?

Back 6

a. Protection and recognition sites forhost cells

Front 7

1. How does the virus exist in itsintracellular state?

Back 7

a. As a nucleic acid without its capsid

Front 8

1. How does a virus attach to hostcells?

Back 8

Using its capsid

Front 9

1. What is capsid made of?

Back 9

Capsomeres

Front 10

1. How is the viral envelope made?

Back 10

a. From a portion of the membrane systemof the host cell

Front 11

1. What are the four shapes of viruses,and give an example for each

Back 11

a. Helical: tobacco mosaic virus

b. Spherical: Influenza virus

c. Polyhedral: Adenoviruses

d. Bullet-shaped: Bacteriophage T4

Front 12

Whowon the Nobel Prize for finding processes used in viruses to synthesize mRNA?

Back 12

David Baltimore

Front 13

1. What kind of replication results indeath and lysis of host cells?

Back 13

Lytic replication

Front 14

1. What are the six stages of lyticreplication?

Back 14

a. Attachment (adsorption), entry(penetration), uncoating, synthesis, assembly (maturation), release

Front 15

1. In viral growth, what period involves penetration through biosynthesis when the virions are undetected?

Back 15

Eclipse period

Front 16

nviral growth, what period involves penetration up to the point of phagerelease?

Back 16

Latent period

Front 17

1. What is the long-term relationshipbetween phage and host in which phage nucleic acid incorporates into hostnucleic acid?

Back 17

Lysogeny

Front 18

1. What is the viral DNA within thebacterial chromosome called?

Back 18

Prophage

Front 19

1. What is the combination of abacterium and a temperate phage called?

Back 19

Lysogen

Front 20

1. What type of phage can enter intoeither the lytic or the lysogenic cycle upon infection of E. coli?

Back 20

a. Phage lambda (ʎ)

Front 21

1. In DNA animal viruses, where do theviruses replicate their DNA and synthesize their capsid and proteins?

Back 21

a. DNA- nucleus

b. Capsid and proteins- cytoplasm

Front 22

1. In RNA animal viruses, where doessynthesis occur?

Back 22

Cytoplasm

Front 23

1. What is it called when viruses remaindormant in host cells?

Back 23

a. Latent viruses, or proviruses

b. Shingles, Herpes virus

Front 24

1. What was discovered to free animalcells from surrounding tissues without injuring freed cells?

Back 24

a. Proteolytic enzymes

Front 25

1. In Prions, what are the harmful andharmless forms?

Back 25

A: Harmless

B: harmful

Front 26

1. How are prions transmitted?

Back 26

a. Ingestion, transplantation, orcontact of mucous membranes with infected tissues

Front 27

1. What are some examples of priondiseases?

Back 27

a. Scrapie, Cruetzfeldt-Jakob Disease,BSE (mad cow disease), and Chronic Wasting Disease

Front 28

1. What is the 2nd largestvirus group that is a dsDNA virus?

Back 28

a. Poxviridae

Front 29

1. What are the DNA viruses?

Back 29

a. Poxviridae, Herpesviridae,Papillomviridae, and Hepadnaviridae,

Front 30

1. What does Poxviridae cause?

Back 30

a. Small pox and molluscum contagiosum

Front 31

1. What skin disease is characterized by waxy papules on the face, back, and genitalia?

Back 31

Molluscum contagiosum

Front 32

1. What does Herpesviridae cause?

Back 32

Humanherpes virus (HHV-1,2,3) 2: STD 3: chickenpox

Front 33

1. What disease causes genital warts,with an increased risk of cancer?

Back 33

a. Papillomavirus (HPV)

Front 34

1. What additional problems can HPVcause for women?

Back 34

Canlead to cervical cancer and can be transmitted to fetus through birth canal

Front 35

1. What virus can survive outside thebody for at least 7 days?

Back 35

a. Hepatitis B (HBV)

Front 36

1. What virus has both single and doublestranded versions of its genome?

Back 36

HBV

Front 37

Whatare some RNA viruses?

Back 37

a. Rabies, West Nile virus, Influenza,Hemorrhagic fevers (Marburg virus and Ebola virus), Enteroviruses, Hepatitis A,Dengue Fever

Front 38

1. What are the two versions of rabies?

Back 38

a. Furious rabies and dumb rabies

Front 39

1. If this virus crosses the blood brainbarrier, it can case meningitis and encephalitis

Back 39

West Nile Virus

Front 40

1. What family is the Influenza virus in?

Back 40

a. Orthomyxovirus family

Front 41

1. In the Influenza virus, describe antigenic drift and shift

Back 41

a. Antigenic drift: year to year minorchanges in the H antigen

b. Antigenic shift: in an animalinfected with two different strains of the virus, the viruses exchange genomicsegments, rearrange, and form new strains

Front 42

1. What disease is associated withuncontrolled bleeding under the skin and from every body opening?

Back 42

Hemorrhagic fever

Front 43

1. What infection occurs throughfecal-oral transmission and poses a great risk to fetuses and newborns?

Back 43

Enteroviruses

Front 44

1. What infection survives on varioussurfaces, is resistant to common disinfectants, and is transmitted via fecal-oralroute?

Back 44

Hepatitis A

Front 45

1. How is Dengue fever transmitted?

Back 45

a. Through Aedes mosquito

Front 46

1. What disease occurs in two phases,and causes internal bleeding, shock, and possibly death?

Back 46

a. Dengue fever

Front 47

1. What is the difference between adisinfectant and an antiseptic?

Back 47

Disinfectanttypically applied to inanimate object, while antiseptic applied to livingtissues

Front 48

1. What substances are the mostresistant to disinfectants and antiseptics?

Back 48

a. Prions, bacterial endospores,mycobacteria, and cysts of protozoa

Front 49

Whatsubstances are the least resistant to disinfectants and antiseptics?

Back 49

a. Enveloped viruses, gram + bacteria,non-enveloped viruses, and fungi

Front 50

1. What is the mode of action ofphenols?

Back 50

Disrupt cell membrane

Front 51

1. What is the mode of action ofalcohols?

Back 51

a. Denature proteins and dissolve membranes

Front 52

1. What is the mode of surfactants?

Back 52

a. Cationic detergents that disruptmembranes through phospholipid interaction and protein denaturation

Front 53

1. What are the modes of action of thehalogens?

Back 53

a. Cl, Br, and F are strong oxidizingagents and I inactivates proteins

Front 54

1. What is the mode of action of heavymetals?

Back 54

a. Combine with proteins, causingprotein denaturation

Front 55

1. What is added to newborn eyes toprevent ophthalmic gonorrhea?

Back 55

Silver nitrate

Front 56

1. With heat, which methods sterilize and which do not?

Back 56

a. Incineration sterilizes, while boiling and pasteurization do not

Front 57

1. What are some physical agents thatcan control microbial growth?

Back 57

a. Temperature, drying, filtration,radiation

Front 58

1. What types of organisms do narrowspectrum antimicrobial drugs work on?

Back 58

a. Gram + or Gram – bacteria

Front 59

1. What are some side effects ofantimicrobial drugs?

Back 59

a. Cause allergic reactions, aplastic anemia, suppress normal microbiota, can cause antimicrobial resistance

Front 60

1. What test is done to determine thesusceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial drugs?

Back 60

Minimuminhibitory concentration (MIC) tested by producing serial dilutions of drugwith known concentration of organism added

Front 61

1. What other tests are done todetermine the susceptibility of bacteria?

Back 61

a. Kirby-Baeur assay and E-test

Front 62

1. In what two ways can bacteria gainresistance?

Back 62

a. Spontaneous mutations or acquisitionof new genes from horizontal transfer

Front 63

1. What bacteria is becomingincreasingly resistant?

Back 63

a. S. aureus (MRSA)

Front 64

1. What bacteria has spontaneousmutations that make the organism resistant to “First Line Drugs”?

Back 64

a. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 65

1. What is water that is safe to drinkcalled?

Back 65

a. Potable water

Front 66

1. What are the four stages in watertreatment?

Back 66

a. Sedimentation, flocculation,filtration, and disinfection

Front 67

1. What are some functions of microbialmetabolism in food?

Back 67

a. Acts as preservative

b. Destroys many pathogenic microbes andtoxins

c. Can add nutritional value in form ofvitamins and nutrients

Front 68

1. What microbes are used directly asfood?

Back 68

a. Yeasts, algae, and cyanobacteria

Front 69

1. What bacteria is used to fermentvegetables?

Back 69

Lactic acid bacteria

Front 70

1. What happens during alcoholfermentation?

Back 70

a. Microbes convert sugars into ethanoland carbon dioxide

Front 71

Matchthe sugar source to its alcohol

Back 71

a. Molasses – rum

b. Corn – bourbon

c. Fruits – brandy

d. Potatoes – vodka

Front 72

1. What food spoilage arises from thefollowing foods?

Back 72

a. Grains: Molds – alfatoxins or ergot

b. Fruits and vegetables: soft and brownrots

c. Meat: slime, color change, rancid,sor

d. Milk: souring, off odors/flavors,rancid

Front 73

1. How does canning preserve food?

Back 73

a. Preserves through heat, oxygenremoval, and low pH

Front 74

1. How does refrigeration and freezing preservefood?

Back 74

a. Halts microbial growth

Front 75

1. How does drying preserve food?

Back 75

a. Reduces “available” water formicrobial growth

Front 76

1. How do salt and sugars preserve food?

Back 76

a. Osmotic dehydration

Front 77

1. How do nitrate/nitrite salts preservefood?

Back 77

a. Inhibits Clostridium botulinum

Front 78

1. How does pasteurization preservefood?

Back 78

a. High temperature short time (15seconds at 71.1°C)