Advance Microbiology Final Exam

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Sulfolobus

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*It belongs to the archea domain.
*Sulfolobus species grow in volcanic springs with optimal growth occurring at pH 2-3 and temperatures of 75-80 °C, making them acidophiles and thermophiles respectively.
*Sulfolobus cells are irregularly shaped and flagellar.
*histone like proteins

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Halobacterium salinarum

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*high light, low O2 and use proton motor force
*bacteriorhodopsin
*keeps osmolarity by changing proteins
*histone like proteins
*prefers 1.5 to 4 molar salt solution
*archea

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Methanobacterium

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*CH4 producers (bacteria don't do this)
*Chemoautotroph
*G-
*anaerobic
*histone like proteins
*lives in dumps and cow guts

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Thermoplasma acidophilus

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*lacks cell wall
*pleomorphic (amorphis) shape
*histone like proteins
*Found in coal mines and contributes to acid mine drainage.
*thermoacidphile
*archea

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Pyrococcus furiosis

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*Its optimal growth temperature is 100 degrees C, so its enzymes are extremely thermo-stable.
*lipid monolayer
*found by volcanic vents

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Rhizobium melliloti

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*Fixes nitrogen in a symbiotic relationship with legume roots.
*Forms nodules on roots
*Nitrogenase (very sensitive O2)
*In general, they are Gram-negative, motile, non-sporulating rods

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Caulobacter crecentus

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*oligotrophic
*changes shape to increase surface area
*prostheca

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Hyphomicrobium

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*oligotrophic
*changes shape to increase surface area
*prostheca

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Rickettsia rickettsii

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*obligate intracellular parasite - most like Eukaryota
*small genome
*no ATP synthase
*imports amino acids and ATP for host
*transmitted by ticks which cause "Rocky Mountain spotted fever "

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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*Diplococci (found in pairs)
*G-
*STD
*Able to switch serotypes (antigens)

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Chromatium vinosum

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*Purple sulfur bacteria
*Photosynthetic
*Sulfur reducing bacteria
*Forms intracellular sulfur granule deposits

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Bordatella pertussis

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*Gram-negative
*aerobic
*coccobacillus capsulate
*Whooping Cough

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Vibro parahaemolyticus (&cholerae)

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*Gram-negative
*bacterium
*halo bacteria
*facultatively aerobic
*grows in shell fish and can cause food poisoning
*Type III secretion system

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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*Gram-negative
*aerobic
*An opportunistic human pathogen

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Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus

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*G- organism
*Parasite of G-
*Uses flagellum to invade host bacteria cell
*Multiplies within cell and lysis host

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Yersinia pestis

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*Gram-negative
*rod-shaped bacterium
*a facultative anaerobe
*native host are rodents
*spread by arthropods (fleas)
*notorious for bubonic plague

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Myxococcus xanthus

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*can be found almost ubiquitously in soil, are thin rod shaped, gram-negative cells that exhibit self-organizing behavior as a response to environmental cues.
*prostheca - vegetative structure
*Produces degragative enzymes.
*Desication resistant, wind spreads spores.
* Makes special structures with carotenoids to protect spores.
*large genome

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Helicobacter pylori

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*Very tolerant of low pH (1-2) but prefers higher pH
*forms biofilms
*Ureases production creates ammonia which is toxic to epithelial cells of human host.
*senses pH differences (higher in epithelia cells) via chemotaxis and produces degregative enzymes to burrow into the lining of the stomach.
*Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium found in the stomach.

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Lactococcus Lactis

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*Gram-positive bacterium used extensively in the production of buttermilk and cheese.
*Fermentation of glucose to latic acid. Keeps other bacteria out.
*good probiotic

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Clostridium botulinium

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is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that produces several toxins. The best known are its neurotoxins, subdivided in types A-G, that cause the flaccid muscular paralysis seen in botulism.

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Clostridium tetani

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*gram positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium
* is the causative agent of tetanus, a disease characterized by painful muscular spasms that can lead to respiratory failure and, in up to 40% of cases, death.
*exotoxins

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Listeria monocytogenes

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*Gram-positive, nonspore-forming, motile, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium.
*actin based motility
*foodborne bacterial pathogen
*flu and fever like symptoms in immunocompromised

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Bacillus anthracis

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*It is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium
*the pathogen of the anthrax acute disease.
* desiccation resistant spore makes it an ideal weapon.
*produces several powerful toxins
*common in soil.
*common in wool thread production in days of yore.
*makes special enzymes to acquire iron from host

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Bacillus anthracis

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*It is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium
*the pathogen of the anthrax acute disease.
* desiccation resistant spore makes it an ideal weapon.
*produces several powerful toxins
*common in soil.
*common in wool thread production in days of yore.
*makes special enzymes to acquire iron from host

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Streptomyces sp.

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*The genus Streptomyces includes aerobic, Gram-positive, filamentous bacteria which produce well developed vegetative hyphae.
*produces a wide variety of antibiotics

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Mycobaterium

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*Mycobacteria are aerobic and nonmotile bacteria that are characteristically acid-fast.[1] Mycobacteria do not contain endospores or capsules and are usually considered Gram-positive.
*All Mycobacterium species share a characteristic cell wall, thicker than in many other bacteria, which is hydrophobic, waxy, and rich in mycolic acids/mycolates. The cell wall consists of the hydrophobic mycolate layer and a peptidoglycan layer
*long air time after coughed increases its virulence

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Mycobaterium leprae

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*mostly found in warm tropical countries, is a bacterium that causes leprosy

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Mycobaterium tuberculosis

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*is a pathogenic bacterial species in the genus Mycobacterium and the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis (TB)
*thought to evolve from a bovine species at the time of domestication of cattle

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Deinococcus radiodurans

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*It is extremely resistant to ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, desiccation, and oxidizing and electrophilic agents.
*found on meat after radiation, but does not cause harmful effects to humans
*g+

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Chlorobium limiocola

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a genus of green sulfur bacteria. They are photolithotrophic oxidizers of sulfur and most notably utilise a noncyclic electron transport chain to reduce NAD+. Hydrogen sulfide is used as an electron source and carbon dioxide its carbon source.[

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Corynebacterium diptheriae

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*a pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria
*a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria
*aerobic

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Agraobacterium tumefuciens

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*the causal agent of crown gall disease
*t is a rod shaped, Gram negative soil bacterium
*uncontrolled growth due to over expression of auxin.
*Uses Type III secretion system to inject the a plasmid
*used in plant genetics.

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Thermotoga maritima

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*a non-sporulating, rod shaped, gram-negative bacterium.
*When viewed under a microscope, it can be seen to be encased in a sheath-like envelope which resembles a toga, hence the "toga" in its name
*known to grow at this high a temperature; the only other organisms known to live in environments this extreme are members of the domain Archaea.
*hyperthermophilic
*chemoheteroph

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Aquifex pyrophilus

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*oldest related organism to Archea.
*G-
*grows best in water between 85 to 95 °C, and can be found near underwater volcanoes or hot springs. It typically uses oxygen in its respiration, producing water as a byproduct, thus leading to the name meaning "water-maker.

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Anabaena variabilis

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*forms hetrocysts when in low N2 condtions and eliminates its PS1. Produces nitrogenase to fix N2 and grows in absence of O2 due to nitrogenase being sensitive to O2
*forms spores called akinetes
*G-

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Treponema palidium

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*causative agent in syphillus
*spirochete shape
*STD

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Borrelia burgcloferi

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* causative agent in lyme disease
* hypersensitizes the immune system over time if not treated. *Produces autoimmune diseases like arthritis.
* innocuous species are used by protozoans as drivers. lol

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Staphylococcus aureus

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bacterial species named from meaning the "golden grape-cluster berry".

*it is a facultative anaerobic Gram-positive coccal bacterium.

* It is frequently found as part of the normal skin flora on the skin and nasal passages.

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Streptococccus pyogenes

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*a spherical, Gram-positive bacterium
*group A antigen on its cell wall.
typically produces large zones of beta-hemolysis (the complete disruption of erythrocytes and the release of hemoglobin) when cultured on blood agar plates,
*group A infection (beta-hemolytic)

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Aquifex pyrophilius

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*G-
*micro-areophile
*hyperthermophyle (85C)
*Chemolithoautotroph (oxidizes H2 and thiosulfate e- donors)
*small genome
*