Microbiology Ch 16 Tortora

Front 1

Immunity

Back 1

Ability to ward off microbes or their products and to protect against enviromental agents.

Front 2

Susceptibility

Back 2

Vulnerability or lack of immunity.

Front 3

Types of immunity

Back 3

Innate and adaptive

Front 4

Innate Immunity

Back 4

Defenses present at birth. First and second line of defenses.

Front 5

Adaptive Immunity

Back 5

Specific response to a specific microbe once a microbe has breached the innate immunity defenses.

Front 6

Cytokines

Back 6

Proteins that regulate the intesity and duration of immune responses.

Front 7

Phagocytosis

Back 7

Ingestion of a microorganism or other substances by a cell.

Front 8

Fixed macrophages

Back 8

found in the liver, lungs, nervous system, bronchial tubes, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, and the pertoneal cavity surrounds abdominal organs.

Front 9

Wandering macrophages

Back 9

Roam the tissues and gather at sites of infection or inflammation

Front 10

Phases of phagocytosis

Back 10

Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion.

Front 11

Chemotaxis

Back 11

Chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms.

Front 12

Name the steps in phagocytosis

Back 12

chemotaxis, ingestion, phagosome formation, and digestion.

Front 13

Which cells kill pathogens by releasing peroxide ions in an oxidative burst?

Back 13

Neutrophils

Front 14

Which type of leukocyte is the most abundant in normal blood?

Back 14

Neutrophil

Front 15

A lysosome ________.

Back 15

is an organelle in white blood cells

Front 16

Activation of the following complement proteins causes inflammation. Which is the last one activated?

Back 16

C5a

Front 17

Activation of which of these complement proteins causes opsonization?

Back 17

C3b

Front 18

Activation of which of these complement proteins causes cytolysis?

Back 18

C9

Front 19

Antigen presentation is directly involved in which of the following host defenses?

Back 19

Humoral immunity

Front 20

Antibodies are produced by _________________.

Back 20

B cells

Front 21

Line of defense: Physical factors

Back 21

Skin, mucous membranes, lacrimal apparatus, ciliary escalator, urine, vaginal secretions, peristalsis, defecation, & vomiting

Front 22

Line of defense: Chemical factors

Back 22

Sebum, perspiration, lysozyme, gastric juice, vaginal secretions, & urine.

Front 23

Lysozyme

Back 23

an enzyme capable of breaking down cell walls of gram + bacteria. Breaks down chemical bonds of peptidoglycan

Front 24

Second line of defense

Back 24

Phagocytic cells, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances,

Front 25

Leukocysts

Back 25

white blood cells

Front 26

Granulocytes

Back 26

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Front 27

Neutrophils

Back 27

highly phagocytic and motile. Active in the inital stages of infection.

Front 28

Basophils

Back 28

Release histamine

Front 29

Eosinophils

Back 29

Major function is to produce toxin proteins against crtain parasites. Discarge peroxide ions.

Front 30

Agranulocytes

Back 30

Monocytes, dendritic cells and lymphocytes

Front 31

Monocytes

Back 31

Not actively phagocytic until they leave the circulating blood and mature into macrophages.

Front 32

Dendritic cells

Back 32

destroy microbes by phagocytosis and initiate adaptive immunity respones.

Front 33

Lymphocytes

Back 33

Natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, & B cells

Front 34

NK cells

Back 34

Ability to kill a wide variety of infected body cells and certain tumor cells.

Front 35

Perforin

Back 35

Protein that creates channels in the membrane of cells resulting in cytolysis

Front 36

Granzymes

Back 36

Protien-digesting enzymes that induce the target cell to undergo apoptosis (self-destruction)

Front 37

Leukocytosis

Back 37

increase in the number of white blood cells.

Front 38

Adherence

Back 38

The attachment of the phagocyte's plasma membrane to the surface of the microorganism or other forgein material.

Front 39

Phagosome

Back 39

Sac that surrounds the microorgainsim that occurs during ingestion.

Front 40

Inflammation

Back 40

Caused by microbial infection, physical factors, or chemical factors. Signs include: redness, pain, heat, and swelling.

Front 41

Functions of inflammation

Back 41

1) To destroy the injurious agent 2) limit the efffects on the body by confining the injurious agent 3) to repair or replace tissue damage.

Front 42

Kinins

Back 42

Play a role in chemotaxis by attracting phagocytic granulocytes, primarily neutrophils, to the injured area

Front 43

Prostaglandins

Back 43

Intesifies the effects of histamine and kinins and help phagocytes move through capillary walls

Front 44

Leukotrienes

Back 44

Produced by mast cells. Increase permability of lood vessels and help attach phagocytes to pathogens

Front 45

Cytokines

Back 45

Brings about vasodilations and increased permability.

Front 46

Complement system

Back 46

Causes cytolysis of microbes, promotes phagocytosis and contributes to inflammation

Front 47

Complement protein

Back 47

"C" until active then "c"

Front 48

C3

Back 48

Starts a cascade that results in cytolysis, inflammation, and phagocytosis

Front 49

C3b

Back 49

C3b splits C5, C5 into C5a & C5b. C5b, C6, C7, C8 bind together and insert into the plasma membrane of the invading cell. C5b-C8 attract C9

Front 50

Membrance attack complex (MAC)

Back 50

C5b - C8 and multiple C9 fragments

Front 51

Complement activation

Back 51

the cascade of complement proteins that occur during a infection. Three pathways

Front 52

Classical pathway

Back 52

antibodies attach to antigens, forming antigen-antibody complexes, this binds with C1. (2) Activated C1 activates C2 & C4 by splitting them. C2=C2a & C2b;C4=C4a & C4b (3) C2a & C4b combine and activate C3. C3 activates cytolysis, inflammation & opsonization

Front 53

Alternative pathway

Back 53

Does not involve antibodies. C3 combines with factor B, D, P. (2) once the complement proteins combine and interact, C3 splits and

Front 54

Lectin pathway

Back 54

When macrophages ingest bacteria, viruses and other forgein matter by phagocytosis they release cytokines that stimulate lectins, proteins that bind to carbohydrates. MBL, activates C2 & C4, then C3 activates cytolysis, inflammation & opsonization

Front 55

CD59

Back 55

Regulatory protien, which prevents the assembly of C9 molecule fto form MAC

Front 56

Interferons

Back 56

Protect uninfected host cells from viral infections

Front 57

Three types of interferons

Back 57

alpha interferon, beta interferon, and gamma interferon

Front 58

Gamma interferons

Back 58

produced by lymphocytes; it induces neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria.

Front 59

Iron-Binding Proteins

Back 59

Inhibit growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron

Front 60

Antimicrobial Peptides (AMP)

Back 60

Inhibit cell wall synthesis, form pores in the plasma membrane that causes lysis; and destroy DNA and RNA

Front 61

Fever

Back 61

Intesifies the effects of interferons, inhibits growth of some microbes and speeds up body reactions that aid repair.