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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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ATP |
Adenosine triphosphate Energy carrying molecule of the cell |
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How does ATP store energy? |
In phosphate bonds |
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What happens when ATP breaks down? |
It releases energy and becomes Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in a reversible reaction |
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Oxidation |
The loss of electrons and/or hydrogen ions |
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Reduction |
The gain of electrons and/or hydrogen ions |
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What is the pneumonic for oxidation/reduction? |
OIL RIG Oxidation Is Loss Reduction Is Gain |
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If something is oxidized, something else is _____ |
Reduced |
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NAD |
A coenzyme that acts as a carrier molecule that is constantly reduced and oxidized |
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NAD cycle |
NAD+ becomes NADH when it is reduced and carries those electrons and hydrogen ions to fuel other reactions |
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H |
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NAD+ |
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Substrate |
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Enzyme |
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Product |
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NADH |
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Carbohydrate catabolism |
Microorganisms oxidize carbohydrates as their primary source of energy |
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What is the most common energy source? |
Glucose |
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How can energy be obtained from glucose? |
1. Respiration 2. Fermentation |
2 |
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Aerobic cellular respiration |
Electrons released by oxidation are passed down the Electron Transport System (ETS) with oxygen being the final electron acceptor |
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Aerobic cellular respiration uses the energy of one glucose molecule to power the buildup of how much ATP? |
38 ATP |
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What is the general chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration? |
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Sub-pathways of aerobic cellular respiration |
1. Glycolysis 2. Transition reaction 3. Krebs cycle 4. Electron transport system |
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At what sub-pthway of aerobic cellular respiration does the majority of ATP get made? |
Electron transport system |
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In bacterial cells, where does each sub-pathway of aerobic cellular respiration take place? |
Glycolysis, transition reaction, and Krebs cycle occur in cytoplasm Electron transport system takes place in cell membrane |
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In eukaryotes, where do the sub-pathways of aerobic cellular respiration take place? |
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm Transition reaction, Krebs cycle, and electron transport system occur in the mitochondria |
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Glycolysis |
Splitting of glucose Oxidation of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid using Embden-Meyerhof pathway |
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End products of glycolysis |
1. 2 molecules of pyruvic acid 2. 2 NADH 3. 2 ATP are made by substrate level phosphorylation |
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Preparatory stage of glycolysis |
- Starting molecule is glucose - 2 ATP are used to put phosphate groups on to the ends of the glucose molecule - The glucose molecule is split into 2 three carbon molecules glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GP) |
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Energy- conserving stage of glycolysis |
- The 2 GP molecules are oxidized and 2 NAD+ are reduced to NADJ - In a series of enzymatic reactions, 4 ATP are produced - End product: 2 pyruvic acid molecules |
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Transition reaction |
- oxidation of pyruvic acid - connects glycolysis to Krebs Cycle - 2 molecules of pyruvic acid are further broken down into 2 molecules of acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA) |
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End products of transition reaction |
1. 2 acetyl CoA 2. 2 NADH 3. 2 CO2 (waste product of pyruvic acid decarboxylation) |
3 |
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Krebs Cycle |
- Aka citric acid or TCA cycle - uses acetyl CoA as fuel - series of chemical reactions that begin and end with citric acid (citrate) |
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End products of Krebs Cycle |
1. 2 ATP 2. 6 NADH 3. 2 FADH2 4. 4 CO2 |
4 |
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What happens during the Krebs Cycle? |
- Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid (4C) to make citric acid (6C) - Citric acid is oxidized throughout the cycle, with three NADH's and one FADH2 being produced - Every time a carbon is knocked off of the chain it is released as carbon dioxide (4 CO2 as waste) |
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During the Krebs Cycle, how much ATP is made by substrate level phosphorylation? |
1 ATP |
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What happens to the oxaloacetic acid once the Krebs Cycle is complete? |
It is eventually reformed so that the cycle can start anew |
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How many times does the Krebs Cycle run for each molecule of glucose? |
Twice |
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Electron transport system |
- Aka cytochrome system - produces 34 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation per molecule of glucose |
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Where in the cell does the electron transport system take place? |
Within the cell membrane in bacteria Within the inner membrane of mitochondria in eukaryotes |
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Chemiosmotic Mechanisms of ATP Generation |
- High energy electrons are taken off NADH and FADH2 and are passed by carriers through the membrane - as electrons go through the membrane, they lose energy - this energy is used to pump hydrogen ions outside the membrane - these H ions create a highly positive charge, resulting in an electrochemical gradient - as H+ ions rush back into the cell, they create energy to synthesize ATP |
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What is the final electron acceptor? |
O2 inside the cell |
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ATP Synthase |
An enzyme that synthesizes ATP |
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Electron Transport and the chemiosmotic mechanisms of ATP generation |
- NADH and FADH are oxidized and essentially provide the fuel for this process - high energy electrons are passed from carrier to carrier down the line - the energy from this is used to pump hydrogen ions outside the membrane - H ions cannot cross the plasma membrane because of their charge - they are forced to travel through ATP synthase, which uses the energy from their passage to generate ATP |
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What happens to the electrons in the electron transport chain after ATP is generated? |
They are eventually placed on oxygen by cytochrome oxidase. The oxygen then picked up 2 H ions to become water |
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For every NADH, ___ ATP is formed in ETS |
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For every FADH2, ___ ATP is formed in ETS |
2 |
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