Micro1009- Chapter 5 Anaerobic Respiration And Fermentation

Front 1

Amaerobic cellular respiration

Back 1

- Electrons released by oxidation are passed down the ETS, but O2 is not the final electron acceptor

- Instead, bacteria reduce another inorganic molecule

- not as much ATP is produced (Krebs Cycle is less efficient anaerobically)

Front 2

Examples of inorganic molecules that are reduced by anaerobic bacteria

Back 2

1. Nitrate (NO3) =>Nitrate (NO2)

2. Sulfate (SO4^2-) => Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

3. Carbonate (CO4^2-) => Methane (CH4)

Front 3

Fermentation

Back 3

Releases energy from sugars or other organic molecules

Anaerobic process, but can occur in the presence of O2

Produces only small amounts of ATP

Front 4

What is used as the final electron acceptor in fermentation?

Back 4

An organic molecule (pyruvate)

Front 5

What sub-pathways of respiration are not required for fermentation?

Back 5

Krebs Cycle and ETC

Front 6

What determines the end product of fermentation?

Back 6

1. Type of organism

2. The substrate being fermented

3. Enzymes that are present and active

Hint 6

3

Front 7

What determines whether an enzyme is active?

Back 7

1. Temp

2. pH

Hint 7

2

Front 8

Another name for Lactic acid fermentation?

Back 8

Homolactic fermentation

Front 9

How many ATP does homolactic fermentation result in?

Back 9

2 ATP via glycolysis

Front 10

What is the end product of homolactic fermentation?

Back 10

Lactic acid

Can cause food spoilage

Can also produce common foods

Front 11

Food products produced by homolactic fermentation?

Back 11

1. Milk => yogurt

2. Cucumbers => fermented pickles

3. Cabbage => sauerkraut

Hint 11

3

Front 12

Important genera of bacteria that perform homolactic fermentation?

Back 12

1. Streptococcus

2. Lactobacillus

Hint 12

2

Front 13

Main types of fermentation

Back 13

1. Homolactic fermentation (lactic acid fermentation)

2. Alcohol fermentation

Front 14

How much ATP is produced during alcohol fermentation?

Back 14

2 ATP produced via glycolysis

Front 15

End products of alcohol fermentation

Back 15

1. CO2

2. Alcohol

Front 16

Commercial products made from alcohol fermentation

Back 16

1. Alcohol

2. Risen bread dough

Hint 16

2

Front 17

Organisms that perform alcohol fermentation

Back 17

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast)

Some bacteria

Front 18

Mixed acid fermentation

Back 18

Heterolactic fermentation

Front 19

How much ATP is generated during heterolactic fermentation?

Back 19

2 ATP

Front 20

Pneumonic for end products of heterolactic fermentation?

Back 20

FALSE

Formic acid

Acetic acid

Lactic acid

Succinic acid

Ethanol

False pneumonic! Also:

- gases such as CO2, H2

- odiferous acids and gases

Front 21

Organisms involved in mixed acid fermentation

Back 21

Escherichia coli

Other enteric bacteria

Front 22

End products of propionic acid fermentation

Back 22

2 ATP

Propionic acid

Lots of CO2

Front 23

Commercial product produced using propionic acid fermentation

Back 23

Swiss cheese

Front 24

Organism that uses propionic acid fermentation?

Back 24

Propionibacterium spp.

Front 25

Lipid and Protein Catabolism

Back 25

If carbohydrates aren't available, organisms can use lipids or proteins to generate ATP

Front 26

Protein Catabolism

Back 26

Proteins are broken down into amino acids which can be plugged into different parts of the cycle

Front 27

Lipid Catabolism

Back 27

Lipids are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, which can be used to run the cycle

Front 28

Amphibolic pathways

Back 28

Pathways that can be used for both catabolic and anabolic purposes

Front 29

The pathways used to breakdown glucose can also be used to ____

Back 29

Build other molecules

Front 30

Classifications of organisms based on metabolism

Back 30

1. Chemoheterotrophs

2. Chemoautotrophs

3. Photoautotrophs

4. Photoheterotrophs

Front 31

Chemoheterotrophs

Back 31

Get their energy from organic compounds produced by other organisms

Front 32

Chemoautotrophs

Back 32

- Fix carbon dioxide as their principle source of carbon

- extract energy from inorganic molecules

- can provide the basis of a food chain completely independent of sunlight

Front 33

Examples of inorganic molecules from which a chemoautotroph might extract its energy

Back 33

1. Hydrogen sulfide

2. Ammonia

3. Iron

Hint 33

3

Front 34

Photoautotrophs

Back 34

Use carbon dioxide and energy from the sun to make sugars

Front 35

Examples of Photoautotrophs

Back 35

Plants

Cyanobacteria

Hint 35

2

Front 36

Photoheterotrophs

Back 36

Use light as a source of energy but use organic compounds as their carbon source

Front 37

Examples of organic compounds by which a photoheterotroph might extract its carbon

Back 37

Alcohols

Fatty acids

Hint 37

2

Front 38

What is required to make alcohol?

Back 38

1. Sugar

2. Water

3. Yeast

4. Air tight seal (to keep O2 out)

5. A way to vent CO2

Front 39

Why is an airtight seal necessary in order to make alcohol?

Back 39

Alcohol fermentation is an anaerobic process