Micro1009 - Ch1

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Micro

Back 1

Too small to be seen

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Bio

Back 2

Life

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Logy

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The study of

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Microbes

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Minute living things that are usually too small to be seen by the naked eye

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Microbiome

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Microbes that live stably in and on the human body

Aka microbiota

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Characteristics of life

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1. Consist of cells - organized

2. Acquire materials for energy

3. Reproduce and pass on genes to offspring

4. Respond to external stimuli

5. Grow and maintain structure

6. Homeostatic

7. Capacity to adapt

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How to write a scientific name

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Genus (capitilized, italicized or underlined) + species (not capitalized, italicized or underlined)

Abbreviations used after first use of name = first letter of genius + species (specific epithet)

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Organisms studied within microbiology

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1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

3. Fungi

4. Algae

5. Virus

6. Protozoa

7. Multi-cellular Animal Parasite

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The study of bacteria

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Bacteriology

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Study of fungus

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Mycology

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Study of algae

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Phycology

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Study of viruses

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Virology

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Study of Protozoa

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Protozoology

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Study of multicellular animal parasites

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Parasitology

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Peptidoglycan

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A complex chemical found exclusively in bacteria cell walls

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Binary fission

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Reproduction by doubling genetic material and splitting into two new cells

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Structure of Bacteria

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Single celled and lacking a nucleus

Cell walls containing peptidoglycan

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Method of production for bacteria

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Binary Fission

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Bacteria use _____ for energy

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Organic chemicals

Inorganic chemicals

Photosynthesis

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Archaea

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Single celled, lacking a nucleus

Not known to cause disease in humans

Live in extreme environments

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Types of archaea

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1. Methanogens

2. Extreme halophiles

3. Extreme thermophiles

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Methanogens

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Archaea which produce methane

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Extreme halophiles

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Archaea which prefer environments that contain salt

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Extreme thermophiles

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Archaea which require high heat

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Eukaryotes

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Complex cells with a nucleus

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Types of fungi

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Multicellular, such as mushrooms and mold

Unicellular, such as yeast

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Hyphae

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Masses of filaments found in multi-cellular fungi

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Characteristics of fungi

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Have simple polysaccharides such as chitin in cell walls

Obtain energy by absorbing solutions from environment

Many are saprophytic

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Structure? Obtain energy?

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How does fungus reproduce?

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Both sexually and asexually, usually releasing spores

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Saprophytic

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Grows on dead stuff

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Structure of Protozoa

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Unicellular Eukaryotes

No cell wall

May be motile

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Means of motility for protozoa

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Pseudopods (if amoeba)

Cilia

Flagella

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Pseudopods

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False feet

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Means of obtaining energy for protozoa

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Absorbs or ingests organic chemicals (other microbes)

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Characteristics of Algae

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Eukaryotic

Cellulose cell walls

Unicellular, colonial, and multi-cellular forms

Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds that are important to food chain

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Means of reproduction for algae

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Sexual and asexual reproduction

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Means of obtaining energy for algae

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Photosynthesis, typically using chloroplasts

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Characteristics of viruses

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Acellular

DNA or RNA core, surrounded by a protein coat which is enclosed in a lipid envelope

which is enclosed in a lipid envelope

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Viral reproduction?

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Only when in living host cell

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Metabolically inert

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Uses no energy

The state of a virus while outside of a living cell

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Characteristics of Multi-cellular Animal Parasites

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Technically not microbes, but some multi-cellular eukaryotic animals are microscopic for significant stages of their life cycles

Have elaborate life cycles (eggs, larvae, adult)

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Classification of Microorganisms

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3 domains of life based on cell type:

- eukarya

- prokaryotes:

- bacteria

- archaea

Proposed by Carl Woese in 1978

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Taxonomically recognized kingdoms within the domain eukarya

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Animal is

Plantae

Fungi

Protista

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Subcategories of protista

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Protozoans

Some algae

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Discovery of cells?

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1665: Robert Hooke constructed a crude microscope and observed that plants, animals, and fungi are composed of small "boxes", which he named cells

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Cell Theory

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All living things are made of cells

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Discovery of microbes?

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1674: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek constructed first microscope powerful enough to observe microbes, calling them "wee animalcules"

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Spontaneous Generation Theory

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The belief that living things arise from non living sources

Was modified into the belief that living things arise from non living matter when a "vital force" is added

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First experiment that disproved spontaneous generation

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1668: Francesco Redi used jars and mesh to prove that maggots would not form on spoiled meat when contact with flies is prevented

Was only accepted as proof that larger animals required a living source, but was not applied to bacteria

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Theory of Biogenesis

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Cells only arise from preexisting cells

Developed by Rudolph Virchow in 1858

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Necessary conditions to disprove spontaneous generation

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1. All microbes must be killed prior

2. Solution must have exposure to the air for vital principle

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Final experiment that disproved spontaneous generation

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1861: Louis Pasteur swan neck flask experiment

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Germ Theory of Disease

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Diseases are caused by microorganisms, not curses, bad luck, evil spirits, bad behavior, etc.

Developed by Louis Pasteur

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Koch's Postulates

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1876: Robert Koch established scientific rules to show the cause and effect relationship between microbe and disease:

1. Same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease

2. Pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture

3. Pathogen must cause the disease when its inoculated into a healthy animal

4. Pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and be shown to be the original organism

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Koch established microbial etiology (cause) of what diseases?

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1. Cholera - Vibrio cholerae

2. Tuberculosis - Mycobacterium tuberculosis

3. Anthrax - Bacillus anthracis

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Exceptions to Koch's Postulates

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1. Some organisms have never been grown in pure culture on artificial media

2. Exclusively human diseases, which prevent the ethical inoculation of lethal pathogens

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What microbes have never been grown in pure culture?

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Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)

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History of growing bacteria in the lab?

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- Originally grown on boiled potatoes in colonies, all descendants of one cell

- Gelatin was then used, but the enzyme, gelatinase, is produced by many bacteria and liquefies gelatin

- Walter Hess began the use of agar, which is derived from seaweed/algae and is not broken down by any known bacteria

- Julius Petri then invented the petri dish

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Golden age of Microbiology

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1857-1914

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Louis Pasteur

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Explained Fermentation 1857

Disproved spontaneous generation 1861

Pasteurization 1864

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Joseph Lister

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First antiseptic, phenol, to treat surgical wounds 1867

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Robert Koch

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Koch's Postulates and Germ Theory 1876

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Hans Gram

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Gram staining 1884

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Paul Erlich

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First synthetic drug 'Salvarsan' for syphilis

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Edward Jenner

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Vaccination 1796

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Alexander Fleming

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Penicillin 1928

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Rebecca Lancefield

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Identified serotypes of Streptococci 1933

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Serotype

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a distinct variation within a species of microbe

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There are over ____ known species of bacteria

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10,000

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Only __% of bacteria cause disease in humans

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1

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Only __% of bacteria cause plant disease

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4

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Ways that microbes benefit humans?

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1. Basis of the food chain in bodies of water and most other ecosystems

2. Used to produce acetone, butanol, ethanol

3. Most antibiotics originally isolated from microbes

4. Used to produce cheese, yogurt, soy sauce, vinegar bread, wine

5. Primary decomposers (recycle vital elements back into the environment)

6. Sewage treatment

7. Bioremediation

8. Insect and pest control

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Bioremediation

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Using microbes to clean up spills of toxic waste

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Normal Microbiota and Microbial antagonism

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Normal microbial flora prevents pathogens from gaining access to our bodies

Some bacteria synthesize essential vitamins

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Example of a microbe that synthesizes essential vitamins

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E. coli - K and B

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Emerging Infectious Diseases

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Zika Virus

MERS

SARS

MRSA

VRSA

Ebola

Salmonella

E. coli

Lyme disease