Micro Study Guide Questions - Part 2

Front 1

Pyschrophile:

Temp Range?

Where are they found?

Back 1

-5 to 15 d. C

Arctic & Antarctic regions

Front 2

Psychrotroph:

Temp Range?

What do they effect / Why are they important?

Back 2

20 - 30 d. C (fridge temp)

Food spoilage

Front 3

Mesophile:

Temp range?

Why are they significant?

Back 3

25 - 45 d. C (our body temp)

pathogens!

Front 4

Thermophile:

Temp Range?

Where are they found?

Back 4

45 - 70 d. C

hot springs

Front 5

Hyperthermophile:

Temp range?

Where are they found?

Back 5

70 - 110 d. C

hydrothermal vents

Front 6

Basic way to convert degrees F to C?

Back 6

double C and add 30 to get approximate F

Front 7

Which two of the temperature-specific prokaryotes are the most common / most significant to us?

Back 7

1. Psychrotrophs (food spoilage)

2. Mesophiles (pathogens)

Front 8

How does temperature affect prokaryotes?

Back 8

Each species has a well-defined temp range.

Front 9

How does temperature affect prokaryotes:

Thermophiles - how can they survive hot temps?

Back 9

Their proteins resist denaturing

(thermostabiity comes from amino acid sequence)

Front 10

How does refrigeration preserve food?

Back 10

Slows down spoilage by limiting growth of otherwise fast-growing mesophiles

(Psychrophiles & Psychrotrophs can still grow, but slowly.)

Front 11

How does temperature affect disease in our bodies?

Give one disease example.

Back 11

Some microbes cause disease in certain parts with certain temps...

Ex. Hansen's disease (leprosy) attacks the coolest regions (extremities)

Ex. - Syphilis used to be treated by injection Plasmodium to cause high fevers of malaria, which could be treated with quinine

Front 12

Oxygen requirements:

What is an obligate aerobe?

Back 12

*Only grows when O2 is available

Front 13

What is an obligate anaerobe?

Back 13

* Cannot grow when O2 is present

(Does not use O2)

Front 14

What is a Facultative anaerobe?

Back 14

*Grows best the O2 is available, but also grows without it.

Front 15

What is a Microaerophile?

Back 15

Grows only if small amounts of O2 are available

(just below surface in test tube photo)

Front 16

What is an Aerotolerant anaerobe?

Back 16

Grows equally well with or without O2

Front 17

ROS reactive oxygen species:

What are they and what do they do?

Back 17

When using oxygen in respiration these organisms will produce superoxide dismutase and/or catalase to protect cell.

Front 18

Catalase test results will be either:

Back 18

Catalase Positive

or

Catalase Negative

Front 19

What is the catalase test?

Back 19

The presence of catalase enzyme in the test isolate is detected using hydrogen peroxide.

If the bacteria possess catalase (i.e., are catalase-positive), when a small amount of bacterial isolate is added to hydrogen peroxide, bubbles of oxygen are observed.

Front 20

What does the catalase test tell us?

Back 20

catalase is an enzyme that cells use to break down toxic end products of oxygen use in metabolism.

The presence of the enzyme means that the organism should be able to tolerate oxygen.

Front 21

What is the catalase test most commonly used for?

Back 21

To differentiate members of the catalase-positive Micrococcaceae from the catalase-negative Streptococcaceae.

Front 22

What bacterias might we use in lab for catalase test?

Back 22

- Staphylococcus aureus = positive

- Enterococcus (Streptococcus) = negative

Front 23

In which pH would you find an acidophile?

Back 23

below 5.5

Front 24

In which pH would you find an alkaliphile?

Back 24

above 8.5 (oceans)

Front 25

In which pH would you find a neutrophile?

Back 25

6.5 - 7.5

Front 26

What pH are most bacteria?

Back 26

Most maintain constant internal pH around neutral

(they will pump out protons if in an acidic environment and will bring in protons if in an alkaline environment)

Front 27

Food can be preserved by increasing _________.

Back 27

acidity

Front 28

______________ grows in stomach, produces urease to split urea into COs and ammonia to decrease acidity of surroundings

Back 28

H. pylori

Front 29

What does halo-tolerant mean?

Back 29

able to withstand up to 10% salt in their environment

Front 30

What does halophile mean?

What are some examples?

Back 30

REQUIRE high salt concentrations

-marine bacteria

-Dead Sea, Utah salt flats

Front 31

What type of bacteria live in the ocean?

Back 31

alkaliphiles (over 8.5 pH)

?? Halo-tolerant / Halo philes?

Front 32

What are the major elements necessary for prokaryotic growth?

Back 32

-Carbon

-Hydrogen

-Oxygen

-Nitrogen

-Sulfur

-Phosphorus

-Potassium

-Magnesium

-Calcium

-Iron

(CHON+ SPPMCI)

Front 33

What elemental source distinguishes different groups?

Back 33

Carbon source

Front 34

Autotrophs (make their own food) use ___________ carbon as CO2 (carbon fixation)

(organic or inorganic)

Back 34

INORGANIC

*important in the carbon cycle

* without them we would run out of organic carbon

Front 35

Heterotrophs (do not make their own food) use ______________ carbon

Back 35

ORGANIC

Front 36

Nitrogen is required for what 3 things?

Back 36

1. amino acids

2. nucleic acids

3. proteins

Front 37

Nitrogen fixation:

Many use _____________ some convert it from nitrate)

Back 37

ammonia

Front 38

Which element(s) are often the limiting factor?

Back 38

Iron, Phosphorus

(microbes can bind up iron if they want to keep particular organisms away)

Front 39

Chemical / Function

1. Carbon, Oxygen, & Hydrogen:

Back 39

Component of:

amino acids

lipids

nucleic acids

sugars

Front 40

Chemical / Function

Nitrogen:

Back 40

component of:

amino acids

nucleic acids

Front 41

Chemical / Function

Sulfur:

Back 41

Component of some amino acids

Front 42

Chemical / Function

Phosphorus:

Back 42

Component of:

-nucleic acids

-membrane lipids

ATP

Front 43

Chemical / Function

Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium

Back 43

Required for the functioning of certain ENZYMES

Front 44

Chemical / Function

Iron

Back 44

part of certain enzymes

Front 45

Nutritional Types:

List Energy Source, Carbon Source, & Give Examples

Photoautotroph

Back 45

Energy source = light

Carbon Source = CO2

Examples:

-Oxygenic: plants, cyanobacteria

-Anoxygenic: green & purple bacteria

Front 46

Nutritional Types:

List Energy Source, Carbon Source, & Give Examples

Photoheterotroph:

Back 46

Energy Source = light

Carbon Source - Organic compounds

Examples = green bacteria, purple non sulfur bacteria

Front 47

Nutritional Types:

List Energy Source, Carbon Source, & Give Examples

ChemoAUTOtroph

Back 47

Energy Source: chemical

Carbon Source: CO2

Example: iron-oxidizing bacteria

Front 48

Nutritional Types:

List Energy Source, Carbon Source, & Give Examples

ChemoHETEROtroph

Back 48

Energy Source: chemical

Carbon Source: organic compound (think US)

Example:

-Fermentative bacteria

-us, animals, protozoa, fungi, bacteria

Front 49

What is chemically defined media?

Back 49

Media that are composed of exact amounts of pure chemicals

Front 50

What are chemically defined media used for?

Back 50

Specific research experiments:

1. growth of chemoautotrophs, photoautotrophs, microbiological assays

*each batch is chemically identical

*no new variable is introduced

*usually buffered

Front 51

What is selective media?

Back 51

Inhibits growth of certain species

*Suprression of unwanted microbes; encouraging desired microbes

Front 52

What is differential media?

Back 52

Contains specific substance that microbes change in an identifiable way

*Differentiation of colonies of desired microbes from others

ex. color change - pH indicator

Front 53

List two media that are both selective and differential:

Back 53

1. MacConkey's Agar

2. Mannitol Salt

Front 54

List one medium that is ONLY differential (and not selective)

Back 54

Blood Agar

Front 55

In terms of being selective, MacConkey's grows ONLY Gram __________ bacteria.

Back 55

NEGATIVE

Inhibits G+

Front 56

In terms of being differential, MacConkey's contains _______________ fermenters that cause color change in colonies.

Back 56

Lactose

Lactose fermenters turn PINK

Non-lactose fermenters are colorless

Front 57

Name 3 bacteria that a MacConkey's test could help to identify:

Back 57

1. E. coli

2. Salmonella

3. Shigella

Front 58

In terms of being selective, Mannitol Salt grows:

Back 58

halophiles

Front 59

In terms of being differential, Mannitol Salt contains _____ _________ for mannitol fermentation

Back 59

pH dye

-Mannitol + = red changes to YELLOW

-Mannitol - = stays red

Front 60

Name 3 bacteria that you could use the Mannitol Salt test for:

Back 60

1. Staphylococcus (Gram +)

2. Staph aureus (Mannitol +)

3. Staph epidermis (Mannitol -)

Front 61

In terms of being differential, Blood Agar:

Back 61

certain bacteria contain enzymes that hemoyse RBCs

Front 62

The 3 types of RBC hemolysis in Blood Agar are:

Back 62

1. Alpha hemolysis - greenish, bruised discoloration

2. Beta hemolysis - Complete hemolysis - clear zone around colony

3. Gamma hemolysis - NO hemolysis...no color change around colony

Front 63

What bacteria could you use the Blood Agar medium for?

Back 63

Streptococcus

Front 64

Culture Media Review

Chemically Defined Media is used for:

Back 64

Growth of chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs; microbial assays

Front 65

Culture Media Review

Selective Media is used for:

Back 65

Suppression of unwanted microbes;

Encouraging desired microbes

Front 66

Culture Media Review

Differential Media is used for:

Back 66

Differentiation of colonies of desired microbes from others

Front 67

Reducing Media:

Back 67

used in science labs;

growth of obligate anaerobes;

requires special equipment