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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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E,A,B: Which contain organelles?
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eukarya
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E,A,B: Which mode of uptake?
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E=endocytosis
A,B=membrane proteins |
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E,A,B: Which is multicellular?
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eukarya
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E,A,B: Which has gram (-/+) cell walls?
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Bacteria
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E,A,B: Which type of lipids?
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E=ester
A=ether B=ester |
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rRNAs are used as evolutionary chronometers because they:
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-are found in all living things
-evolve slowly but not too slowly -can be sequenced relatively easily |
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mesophiles
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moderate temperature, ester-linked lipids, lipid bilayer
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thermophiles
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archael, high temperature, ether-linked lipids, lipid monolayer
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what chemistry do heat stable proteins use?
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ion pairs/acidic and basic residues, disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions
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wood metabolism in termites
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protozoa degrade cellulose, methanogens use hydrogen
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metagenomic technique
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harvest DNA from sample,
clone into vector, sequence many fragments, assemble with computer |
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Quorum Sensing: oligopeptides
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QS Gram-Positive Bacteria
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QS: N-acyl Homoserine (AHLs)
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QS Gram (-) Bacteria Intra Species
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QS: Al-2
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QS Gram (+/-) Inter species
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Example of QS w/ Oligopeptides
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Staphylococcus Aureus
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Two Component System
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1. Histidine Kinase phosphorylates itself after signal from auto-inducer
2. Response Regulator is phosphorylated by kinase, produces a change |
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Agr
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Accessory Gene Regulation
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Example of QS w/ AHL
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Vibrio Fischeri
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Other effect of AHL
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motility
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Examples of QS w/ Al-2
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Salmonella, Streptococcus pneumonae, Vibrio cholerae, E Coli, H Pylori, dental plaque
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What organism can shut down quorum sensing?
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red algae
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What bacteria are protected from by biofilms:
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predators, phages, biocides, antibiotics, immunophagocytes, antibodies
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Stages of biofilm development
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free living planktonic bacteria, attachment, microcolonies (quorum sensing), mature biofilm community
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5 examples of biofilms
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cystic fibrosis,
osteomyelitis, pyelonephritis, endocarditis, otitis media |
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myxococcus
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-produce fruiting bodies if nutrients are scarce
-require 2 types of sensing |
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Two types of signaling
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A-leads to cell aggregation
C-mound and fruiting body formation |
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What is the other part of Al-2 systems
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Lux I, Lux R, LuxS, LuxP
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Nitrogen Fixation
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N2 to NH3
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Nitrification
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NH3 to NO2 to NO3
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Denitrification
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NO3 to N2
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